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Discussion on Electric Power Supply Systems for All Electric Aircraft
Open accessAbstract
The electric power supply system is one of the most important research areas within sustainable and energy-efficient aviation for more- and especially all electric aircraft. This paper discusses the history in electrification, current trends with a broad overview of research activities, state of the art of electrification and an initial proposal for a short-range aircraft. It gives an overview of the mission profile, electrical sources, approaches for the electrical distribution system and the required electrical loads. Current research aspects and questions are discussed, including voltage levels, semiconductor technology, topologies and reliability. Because of the importance for safety possible circuit breakers for the proposed concept are also presented and compared, leading to a initial proposal. Additionally, a very broad review of literature and a state of the art discussion of the wiring harness is given, showing that this topic comes with a high number of aspects and requirements. Finally, the conclusion sums up the most important results and gives an outlook on important future research topics.
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Citations
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“[1-4] However, the ionizing radiation effects from space radiation degrade the characteristics and the operating life of MOSFETs, which even lead to major failures, especially considering the total ionizing dose (TID) effect.”
BackgroundReview of Computational Models for Large-Scale MDAO of Urban Air Mobility Concepts
Sarojini, D., Ruh, M. L., Yan, J., Scotzniovsky, L., Orndorff, N. C., Xiang, R., Zhao, H., Krokowski, J., Warner, M., van Schie, S. P., et al. (2024) · AIAA SciTech Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2024-0377 · Cited by 14
Azizi, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · High Voltage · doi:10.1049/hve2.12452 · Cited by 11
Saha, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006159 · Cited by 11
Hoffmann, J., Canders, W., & Henke, M. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13226149 · Cited by 10
Lightweight 3D-printed heaters: design and applicative versatility
Aliberti, F., Sorrentino, A., Palmieri, B., Vertuccio, L., Tommaso, G. D., Pantani, R., Guadagno, L., & Martone, A. (2024) · Composites Part C Open Access · doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100527 · Cited by 9
Feasibility of Battery-Powered All-Electric Propulsion for Short-Haul Commuter Aircraft
Anker, M. A., Hartmann, C., & Nøland, J. K. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3542157 · Cited by 9
“Lower noise can lead to the expansion of near-city urban airports, which are currently restricted by noise pollution [7].”
Review on Silicon Carbide-Based High-Fundamental Frequency Inverters for High-Speed Drives
Upadhyay, D., Deliri, S., Mattsson, A., Peltoniemi, P., & Aarniovuori, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580521 · Cited by 9
Energy management for an All-Electric Aircraft via Optimal Control
Wang, M., Mesbahi, M., Kolluri, S., Shah, K. A., & Subramanian, V. R. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3196634 · Cited by 9
“In recent years, aircraft electrification [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] has been a thriving area for research and technology development.”
BackgroundConceptual estimation of the noise reduction potential of electrified aircraft engines
Geyer, T., & Enghardt, L. (2023) · Acta Acustica · doi:10.1051/aacus/2023009 · Cited by 8
Insulating Materials for Electrical Components Used for Power Transmission on Board the Aircraft
Kenfaui, D., Esteban, J., Baena, P., Pelvillain, C., & Henrard, P. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3335832 · Cited by 8
“…of optimizing the performance of aircraft, decreasing its operating and maintenance costs, and reducing environmental footprint has pushed for electri-fying more aircraft functions, giving rise to the concept of a hybrid electric powered or more electric aircraft (MEA) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].”
BackgroundOpportunities for nanomaterials in more sustainable aviation
Pendashteh, A., Mikhalchan, A., Varela, T. B., & Vilatela, J. J. (2024) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-024-04087-5 · Cited by 12
Study on arc duration and erosion characteristics of cable electrodes in AC series circuits
Gao, Z., Yang, R., Yang, W., Yao, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/acd8c5 · Cited by 8
“And the cable length and voltage levels will furtherly increase, which brings about more frequent arcing activity and more fire hazards [6, 7].”
Zang, Y., Niasar, M. G., Xu, Y., Li, Z., Qian, Q., Jiang, X., & Vaessen, P. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2024.3371010 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, the PCB in power electronics equipment of MEA has compact circuit structure and operates in a low-pressure environment, which makes the PCB more prone to partial discharge (PD) failure [8], [9], [10].”
Zhao, W., Ghafoor, S., Lagerweij, G. W., Rietveld, G., Vaessen, P., & Niasar, M. G. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13081481 · Cited by 8
Chowdhury, S., Azizi, A., Saha, A., Rahman, M. A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Dallas Circuits and Systems Conference (DCAS) · doi:10.1109/dcas61159.2024.10539902 · Cited by 8
“This is crucial because electrical distribution and protection systems account for 30% of the total mass of EPSs [5].”
BackgroundParametric Modeling of the Aircraft Electrical Supply System for overall Conceptual Systems Design
Bielsky, T., Jünemann, M., & Thielecke, F. (2021) · tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) · doi:10.25967/530143 · Cited by 8
Cao, Y., Fauth, L., Mertens, A., & Friebe, J. (2021) · International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) · doi:10.23919/icems52562.2021.9634654 · Cited by 8
“If a certain failure rate is required by the valid regulations, the necessary voltage derating can be calculated based on the device failure data and maximum flight altitude [19].”
MethodSelf-citationDesign Approach of an Integrated SiC-Inverter for an Electric Aircraft
Fischer, D., Rohn, R., & Mallwitz, R. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC) · doi:10.1109/esars-itec57127.2023.10114813 · Cited by 8
“cryogenic storageand drive systems as a promising technology approach but with currently big issues due to their gravimetric and volumetric power- and energy density [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Integrated Framework for Energy Network Modeling in Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Conceptual Design
Wahler, N. F. M., Radomsky, L., Hanisch, L. V., Göing, J., Meyer, P., Mallwitz, R., Friedrichs, J., Henke, M., & Elham, A. (2022) · AIAA AVIATION Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2022-3741 · Cited by 7
Self-citationGiesbrecht, M., Ferreira, G. T. D. C., da Silva, R. R., & Milfont, L. D. (2023) · IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics for Aerospace Applications (PEASA) · doi:10.1109/peasa58318.2023.10235384 · Cited by 7
“This model results in significant air pollution and is based on a limited resource, the cost of which is expected to increase in the long term [1].”
BackgroundAzizi, A., Saha, A., Rahman, M. A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC) · doi:10.1109/tpec60005.2024.10472272 · Cited by 7
“Optimizing the cable systems is a potential path to achieve this power density since the electrical distribution and protection systems contribute to 30% of the total mass of EPSs [6].”
BackgroundPropeller Design and Performance Evaluation with Partially Prescribed Velocity Distribution
Lück, S., Göing, J., Wittmann, T., Kirsch, B., Benjamin, L., & Friedrichs, J. (2022) · Proceedings · doi:10.33737/gpps21-tc-328 · Cited by 7
“A thermal analysis for heat exchangers with a flow inside the nacelle has been conducted by Schnulo et al. (2017) but it requires an extensive internal fluid flow structure.”
BackgroundMethodTransient Nature of Flight and Its Impact on Thermal Management for All Electric Aircraft
Kasitz, J., Lad, A. A., Hoque, M. J., Miljkovic, N., & Huitink, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Electronic Packaging · doi:10.1115/1.4055464 · Cited by 8
Carlos, G. A. D. A., Cousineau, M., Rouger, N., Serpaud, S., Santos, V. D., Cougo, B., Guédon, D., Crépel, O., & Perraud, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3311621 · Cited by 6
Optimal Design of MVDC Power Cables for Different Air Pressures for Wide-Body All-Electric Aircraft
Islam, F., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514825 · Cited by 6
“…and approving it for publication was Mohsin Jamil . short-haul all-electric aircraft already exist [6], but long-range commercial all-electric transport aircraft face significant challenges because of their massive weight, development of electric drivetrains, and energy storage systems [7].”
System-Wide Analysis of Electric Power System for a Reference Short-Range Electrified Aircraft
Naderi, A., Keilmann, R., Asgari, A., Mehraban, A., Mallwitz, R., Henke, M., & Terörde, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592792 · Cited by 5
“Besides, taking full advantage of high-power dense, and efficient components is a contributing factor in this regard [5].”
Self-citationPartial Discharge Assessment for High-Voltage Electric Machines for Aircraft Propulsion Applications
Alvarez, P., Satrústegui, M., Elósegui, I., & Martinez-Iturralde, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603645 · Cited by 5
“The concept of electrifying aircraft has recently gained attention as a possible solution to reduce emissions [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].”
Wolf, J.-A., Meissner, R., Pohya, A. A., & Wende, G. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127036 · Cited by 6
Investigations on Creepage Distances in Power Electronic Systems for Electrified Aircraft
Schefer, H., Bień, M., Gülink, J., Bösche, D., Göing, J., Mallwitz, R., & Friedrichs, J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3537165 · Cited by 5
Self-citationImplications of Parallel Faults in Superconducting Power Distribution Systems of Electric Aircraft
Mensah, P., Cheetham, P., & Pamidi, S. V. (2023) · AIAA AVIATION Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2023-4228 · Cited by 5
Switching Logic for a Direct Hybrid Electric Powertrain
Fonk, R., Graf, T., Paeßler, S., Bauer, C., Kallo, J., & Willich, C. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11010071 · Cited by 5
“The combination of a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery in a hybrid electric propulsion system is seen as a promising concept for short-to medium-range flights [13–16].”
BackgroundDevelopment and testing of a discrete coil magnetostrictive actuator
Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, L., Ling, J., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ad6382 · Cited by 5
Rahman, M. A., Saha, A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference (KPEC) · doi:10.1109/kpec61529.2024.10676167 · Cited by 5
“Since the electrical power distribution and protection equipment sum up a sizable portion — approximately 30% of the overall EPS mass — improving cable designs is one way to enhance power density [5].”
BackgroundSavi, F., Harikumaran, J., Barater, D., Buticchi, G., Gerada, C., & Wheeler, P. W. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society · doi:10.1109/ojies.2021.3112124 · Cited by 5
Zeng, F., Mehraban, A., Naderi, A., Terörde, M., & Kurrat, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3618208 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHazard of thermal runaway ejection in lithium-ion batteries and passive protection strategies
Yang, J., Liang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Yang, X., Xie, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2026.108552 · Cited by 4
Three-Phase Hybrid Rectifier for HVDC Distribution System in More Electric Aircrafts
Barbosa, V. F., Eleodoro, O. F. A., Rodrigues, D. B., Lima, G. B. D., & de Freitas, L. C. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2023.3295613 · Cited by 4
“In order to reduce the weight of the conductors and, consequently, the fuel consumption in the aircraft, HVdc output busbars are used [2].”
BackgroundMethodYun, S., & Han, J. (2025) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103893 · Cited by 4
Eleodoro, O. F. A., Barbosa, V. F., Lima, G. B. D., & de Freitas, L. C. (2022) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp1951-1965 · Cited by 4
“Semiconductors typical application–adapted from [27]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplication and Performance Trends of Electric Motors for Aircraft Propulsion
Molina, M. J., Graffeo, F., Vaschetto, S., & Tenconi, A. (2024) · IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo · doi:10.1109/itec60657.2024.10598961 · Cited by 4
“Among the different battery alternatives, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) are the most practicable option available todays for aircraft electrification.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schefer, H., Fauth, L., Kopp, T. H., Mallwitz, R., Friebe, J., & Kurrat, M.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 84188-84216
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021371202
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) through the Germany’s Excellence Strategy-EXC 2163/1-Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation (390881007)
- Open Access Publication Funds of the Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
- Keywords
- all-electric aircraft, power supply systems, aircraft electrification, electrical distribution systems, electrical load, voltage levels, semiconductor technology, power electronics topology, reliability, circuit breakers, wiring harness, short-range aircraft
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