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Discussion on Electric Power Supply Systems for All Electric Aircraft
Open accessAbstract
The electric power supply system is one of the most important research areas within sustainable and energy-efficient aviation for more- and especially all electric aircraft. This paper discusses the history in electrification, current trends with a broad overview of research activities, state of the art of electrification and an initial proposal for a short-range aircraft. It gives an overview of the mission profile, electrical sources, approaches for the electrical distribution system and the required electrical loads. Current research aspects and questions are discussed, including voltage levels, semiconductor technology, topologies and reliability. Because of the importance for safety possible circuit breakers for the proposed concept are also presented and compared, leading to a initial proposal. Additionally, a very broad review of literature and a state of the art discussion of the wiring harness is given, showing that this topic comes with a high number of aspects and requirements. Finally, the conclusion sums up the most important results and gives an outlook on important future research topics.
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Papathakis, K. V., Kloesel, K. J., Lin, Y., Clarke, S. C., Ediger, J. J., & Ginn, S. R. (2016) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 15
Non-isolating DC/DC converter for a fuel cell powered aircraft
Kreutzer, O., Billmann, M., Maerz, M., & Lange, A. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC) · doi:10.1109/esars-itec.2016.7841372 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“The converter for the battery has to be bidirectional to enable charging and discharging, while the converter connecting the fuel cell can be unidirectional [69], [103].”
Background6.5-kV Full-SiC Power Module (HV100) with SBD-embedded SiC-MOSFETs
Nakashima, J., Fukumoto, A., Obiraki, Y., Oi, T., Mitsui, Y., Nakatake, H., Toyoda, Y., Nishizawa, A., Kawahara, K., Hino, S., et al. (2018) · Cited by 15
Analysis and design of coupled inductor for interleaved multiphase three-level DC-DC converters
Mu, M., Lee, F. C., Jiao, Y., & Lu, S. (2015) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2015.7104779 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“size reduction of these is possible [104].”
Predictive physical model of cosmic-radiation-induced failures of power devices
Weiss, C., Wachutka, G., Hartl, A., Hille, F., & Pfirsch, F. (2012) · International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC) · doi:10.1109/epepemc.2012.6397423 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“It reduces the probability of a parasitic turn-on by a neutron [101], [102].”
BackgroundDC/DC-converter for fuel cell integration in more electric aircraft applications
Warncke, M., Fahlbusch, S., & Hoffmann, K. F. (2017) · European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.23919/epe17ecceeurope.2017.8099134 · Cited by 14 · cited 2×
“The converter for the battery has to be bidirectional to enable charging and discharging, while the converter connecting the fuel cell can be unidirectional [69], [103].”
BackgroundThoma, J., Volzer, B., Kranzer, D., Derix, D., & Hensel, A. (2018) · Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) · Cited by 14
A First Evaluation of Thick Oxide 3C-SiC MOS Capacitors Reliability
Li, F., Song, Q., Pérez‐Tomás, A., Shah, V. A., Sharma, Y., Hamilton, D. P., Fisher, C. A., Gammon, P. M., Jennings, M., & Mawby, P. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2954911 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“In another publication [91], three errormechanisms are identified using theWeibull distribution on 3C-SiCMOS capacitors.”
MethodFabiani, D., Montanari, G. C., Cavallini, A., Saccani, A., & Toselli, M. (2011) · International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM) · doi:10.1109/iseim.2011.6826265 · Cited by 13 · cited 4×
“Solutions to eliminate PDs could be developed in future research projects, like the use of screened cables [156] and new insulation materials which provide better PD resistance sheathes [157].”
BackgroundInfluentialOperation and protection of 380V DC distribution systems
Niewind, J., Hemdan, N. G. A., Klosinski, C., Bösche, D., Kurrat, M., Gerdinand, F., Meisner, J., & Passon, S. (2017) · doi:10.1109/ptc.2017.7981063 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“Uncommon failures, which lead to blinding [122], [123] or tripping of multiple switches [124]”
BackgroundSelf-citationFundamentals of Electric Aircraft
Thalin, P., Rajamani, R., Maré, J., & Taubert, S. (2018) · SAE International eBooks · doi:10.4271/0768093228 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“is necessary in order to reduce the weight of the electrical power transmission system, [20], [138].”
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“Results in [94] and [95] promise a high reliability of GaN devices under hard environmental conditions.”
BackgroundAerodynamic Design of the Hybrid Wing Body with Nacelle: N3-X Propulsion-Airframe Configuration
Liou, M.-F., Gronstal, D. T., Kim, H. J., & Liou, M. (2016) · AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference · doi:10.2514/6.2016-3875 · Cited by 11
Modular protection system for fault detection and selective fault clearing in DC microgrids
Klosinski, C., Ross, P., Hemdan, N. G. A., Kurrat, M., Gerdinand, F., Meisner, J., Passon, S., & Heinrich, A. (2018) · The Journal of Engineering · doi:10.1049/joe.2018.0193 · Cited by 11 · cited 2×
“coordinate and control the switches, as proposed in [121].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPower Module for Low Voltage DC Hybrid Circuit Breaker
Askan, K., Bartonek, M., & Weichselbaum, K. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on DC Microgrids · doi:10.1109/icdcm45535.2019.9232874 · Cited by 11 · cited 2×
“Askan published in [132] an approach for circuit breakers up to 125A at a voltage level of 380V.”
BackgroundBeiranvand, H., Rokrok, E., & Liserre, M. (2019) · Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC) · doi:10.1109/pedstc.2019.8697276 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“to higher efficiency and therefore lower cooling demand [84].”
BackgroundOperation Mode Analysis of the CLLC Resonant Converter
Siebke, K., & Mallwitz, R. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering · doi:10.1109/cpe.2019.8862405 · Cited by 10
Self-citationCorset-like solid electrolyte interface for fast charging of silicon wire anodes
Hansen, S., Shree, S., Neubüser, G., Carstensen, J., Kienle, L., & Adelung, R. (2018) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.085 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“For a fast charge, the chemical and mechanical stability for Si wires from the solid electrolyte interface is of particular interest [67].”
BackgroundSchülting, P., Winter, C., & Doncker, R. W. D. (2018) · International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC) · doi:10.23919/ipec.2018.8507882 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“Size and volume of passive components can be reduced, which is a key advantage for the application in aircraft [83].”
BackgroundPower semiconductor failures due to cosmic rays
Prado, R. A., & Gajo, C. N. L. (2017) · Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP) · doi:10.1109/cobep.2017.8257437 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“It reduces the probability of a parasitic turn-on by a neutron [101], [102].”
BackgroundResearches on interruption characteristics of a hybrid HVDC circuit breaker
Li, L., Bi-de, Z., Chun-en, F., Li, W., Xiao, R., & Tishuai, D. (2017) · International Conference on Electric Power Equipment – Switching Technology · doi:10.1109/icepe-st.2017.8188874 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of the VSC-HVDC system performance in accordance with the more electric aircraft concept
Setlak, L., & Kowalik, R. (2018) · International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering · doi:10.1109/epe.2018.8396043 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“Currently, a direct current distribution with voltage levels up to ±270V is used in MEAs [135]–[137].”
MethodPartial Discharge Detection in an Aeronautical Power Cable
Karadjian, M., Imbert, N., Munier, C., Kirkpatrick, M. J., & Odic, E. (2018) · AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS) · doi:10.2514/6.2018-5033 · Cited by 6
A Study of Partial Discharge in High Voltage DC Distribution Systems for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
Xin, W., Mahmoudi, R., & Lents, C. E. (2018) · Cited by 6
Safety Concepts and Circuit Protection for LVDC-Grids in Datacenters and in Telecommunications
Strobl, C., Köpf, H., Mehl, R., Ott, L., Kaiser, J., Drexler, K., Schäfer, M., & Rabenstein, R. (2018) · International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC) · doi:10.1109/intlec.2018.8612360 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Especially for meshed DC-grids, further research is needed to ensure a safe operation [148].”
BackgroundQuasi-Two-Level PWM-Operated Modular Multilevel Converter With Non-Linear Branch Inductors
Kucka, J., Lin, S., Friebe, J., & Mertens, A. (2019) · European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.23919/epe.2019.8915501 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Nevertheless, newest research on power density improvement show significant advancements in the passive components based on quasi two level operation and nonlinear inductor designs [60].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeckler, P. (2003) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2003-01-3035 · Cited by 4 · cited 1×
“material of the cables is needed [145], [146].”
BackgroundAn Evaluation of High Temperature Superconducting Power Cables for Airborne Application
Rivenc, J., Peres, G., Berg, F., Prisse, L., Rostek, P., Melyukov, D., Анатольевич, А. В., & Samoilenkov, S. (2018) · AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS) · doi:10.2514/6.2018-5029 · Cited by 4
Investigating of the Recovery Behaviour of a Small Switching Gap after Current Interuption
Bösche, D., Alija, M., Hilbert, M., & Kurrat, M. (2017) · Plasma Physics and Technology · doi:10.14311/ppt.2017.2.165 · Cited by 4 · cited 1×
“deionizes within a known time period [133].”
Self-citationAskan, K., Bartonek, M., & Stueckler, F. (2019) · Cited by 4
A generic model for fuses to calculate the transients in low-voltage power networks
Igel, M., Erlinghagen, P., Glinka, F., Wippenbeck, T., & Ames, M. (2015) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) · Cited by 3
Body of Knowledge (BOK): Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Electronics for Space Applications
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Felgemacher, C. (2018) · Kobra (Universitätsbibliothek Kassel) · doi:10.19211/kup9783737604956 · Cited by 3
Model-based design and integration of the power network in more electric aircraft
Ji, Y. (2016) · elib (German Aerospace Center) · Cited by 2
ALL-ELECTRIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND LANDING GEAR SYSTEM MODELS FOR POWER ASSESSMENT STUDIES
Denti, E., Rito, G. D., Galatolo, R., & Schettini, F. (2014) · HAL · Cited by 2
Partial Discharge Testing for Low Voltage Switchgear at High Temperatures
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“The occurrence of PD in DCsystems is a known issue [149], [150].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Problem of Electric Arcs in Aeronautics”
Gleizes, A. (2013) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Review of Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Electric Vehicles: Current Status and Future Trends
Poorfakhraei, A., Narimani, M., & Emadi, A. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2021.3063550 · Cited by 424
“For example, in future all-electric aircrafts DC voltages of up to 3 kV will be utilized to supply the high-power electric motors [16].”
BackgroundElectric Power Systems in More and All Electric Aircraft: A Review
Barzkar, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3024168 · Cited by 360
“In [4], using an initial proposed schematic for an”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComponents of Electrical Power Systems in More and All-Electric Aircraft: A Review
Barzkar, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2022.3174362 · Cited by 253
“, CBs with arc chambers, are considered in the literature [7, 8, 38], but are not discussed in this article, since satisfying requirements for their work is too”
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“Conventionally, the insulation material can be a single layer made of PTFE, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), PI, or even materials used in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) [110].”
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“Inside the aircraft body with the environmental control system (ECS) intact, the critical electric field is 25 kV per cm [43], which informs the insulation design of individual power components.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schefer, H., Fauth, L., Kopp, T. H., Mallwitz, R., Friebe, J., & Kurrat, M.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 84188-84216
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021371202
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) through the Germany’s Excellence Strategy-EXC 2163/1-Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation (390881007)
- Open Access Publication Funds of the Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
- Keywords
- all-electric aircraft, power supply systems, aircraft electrification, electrical distribution systems, electrical load, voltage levels, semiconductor technology, power electronics topology, reliability, circuit breakers, wiring harness, short-range aircraft
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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