The DOI matches its Crossref record; 178 of the 180 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 112 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges
Open accessAbstract
In the present technological era, healthcare providers generate huge amounts of clinical data on a daily basis. Generated clinical data is stored digitally in the form of Electronic Health Record (EHR) as a central data repository of hospitals. Data contained in EHR is not only used for the patients' primary care but also for various secondary purposes such as clinical research, automated disease surveillance and clinical audits for quality enhancement. Using EHR data for secondary purposes without consent or in some cases even with consent creates privacy issues. Secondly, EHR data is also made accessible to various stakeholders including different government agencies at various geographical sites through wired or wireless networks. Sharing of EHR across multiple agencies makes it vulnerable to cyber attacks and also makes it difficult to implement strict privacy laws as in some cases data is shared with organization that is governed by specific regional law. Privacy of individuals could be severely affected when their sensitive private information contained in EHR is leaked or exposed to the public. Data leaks can cause financial losses or an individual may encounter social boycott if his / her medical condition is exposed in public. To protect patients personal data from such threats, there exists different privacy regulations such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and My Health Record (MHR). However, continually evolving state-of-the-art techniques in Machine Learning (ML), Data Analytics (DA) and hacking are making it even more difficult to completely protect an individual's/patient's privacy. In this article, we have systematically examined various secondary uses of EHR with the aim to highlight how these secondary uses affect patients' privacy. Secondly, we have critically analyzed GDPR & HIPAA regulations and highlighted their possible areas of improvement, considering escalating use of technology and different secondary uses of EHR.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review examines secondary uses of electronic health record (EHR) data—such as clinical research, public health surveillance, and clinical audit—and argues that these uses create privacy and security risks that current regulations only partly address. It critically analyzes GDPR and HIPAA, highlighting gaps around consent, data minimization, re-identification, cloud storage, and non-covered entities.
Key findings
- EHR secondary uses include clinical research, public health surveillance, and clinical audit/quality assurance; these can expose sensitive data and create privacy, financial, and social harms.
- EHR data quality is problematic for secondary use: reported accuracy ranges from 44% to 100%; in one study, 31% of 1.1 million adult patients visited two or more hospitals and 1% visited five or more; in another, only 48% of 3,068 pancreatic cancer patients had complete pathology records.
- Security incidents cited include theft of 20,000 records from Catawba Valley Medical Center, 4.5 million patients affected by a hospital-group hack, and 80 million people affected by a health-insurance data loss; US EHR data is described as growing 48% annually.
- GDPR principles such as purpose limitation, data minimization, storage limitation, and the right to be forgotten conflict with EHR archiving and secondary analysis; pseudonymisation can be defeated by re-identification. HIPAA is described as outdated, limited to covered entities, and unable to protect data in non-covered platforms such as social media or fitness trackers.
Methods
- Design: narrative/systematic-style review that “systematically examined” secondary uses of EHR and “critically analyzed” GDPR and HIPAA.
- Data/sample: no empirical sample; the paper reviews literature, EHR standards (HL7, FHIR), secondary-use domains, security/privacy challenges, and two regulations (GDPR and HIPAA).
- Analysis: thematic synthesis of secondary uses, data-quality challenges, security/privacy risks, and regulatory gaps; no formal search protocol, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis is reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the research domain is interdisciplinary and “hard to find literature,” requiring more collaborative efforts from medicine, computing, and law.
- Evident: the review does not report a systematic search strategy, database list, or inclusion/exclusion criteria, so its coverage and selection of sources cannot be assessed.
- Evident: it critically analyzes GDPR and HIPAA but mentions My Health Record (MHR) only in passing, and it offers no empirical validation of the proposed regulatory improvements.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 112 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 4 depicts that the major portion of EHR data consisted of unstructured elements.”
- Also stated in: § VIII. CONCLUSION · plain
“Figure4depicts that the major portion of EHR data consisted of unstructured elements.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § VIII. CONCLUSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 2 shows that EHR contains enough information to carry out clinical research in different domains.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CLINICAL RESEARCH
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“EHR are capable of storing structured, coded and electronic patient data all together to form a complete history of patient's health [6].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Electronic data saved as EHR makes a Decision Support System (DSS) for monitoring health outputs to improve health care quality [7]”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, EHR data has not been utilized to its full potential for secondary uses and one of the reasons for under utilization of EHR data is non uniformity in its data components.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: EHR data has not been utilized to its full potential for secondary uses.
In the paper
“It improves overall healthcare quality, omits paperwork, reduces medical errors and increases work efficiency as well as reduces overall healthcare cost [34].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It was the main reason behind the slow adoption of the EHR system in healthcare organizations even if their adoption was highly beneficial for them [25].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. EHR STANDARDS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, without any industry standard for information exchange, it is usually difficult to share and exchange EHR data across multiple sites.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. EHR STANDARDS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It improves overall healthcare quality, omits paperwork, reduces medical errors and increases work efficiency as well as reduces overall healthcare cost [34].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It improves overall healthcare quality, omits paperwork, reduces medical errors and increases work efficiency as well as reduces overall healthcare cost [34].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 49
- It may state two separate claims as one. 58
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using EHR data for secondary purposes without consent or in some cases even with consent creates privacy issues.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients are often unwilling to share their private health data for secondary uses, sharing it only for personal care.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Privacy of individuals could be severely affected when their sensitive private information contained in EHR is leaked or exposed to the public.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patient's information may also be stolen while it is in transmission to the other linked services over the network or when it is stored on distributed servers of cloud.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In case, if EHR data is leaked/theft or stolen from the database it can be misused (by altering dosage of drugs or treatment procedure etc.) and may cause severe complications or even lead to the patient's death [11].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EHR system acts as a central database of information for patient documentation and billing, maintaining quality, and supporting patient related sensitive decisions [9].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EHR reduces the probability of errors related to medical data analysis as it stores complete medical records and thus lowers overall healthcare cost [10].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data leaks can cause financial losses or an individual may encounter social boycott if his / her medical condition is exposed in public.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most important issue is the data security and patient's privacy.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“continually evolving state-of-the-art techniques in Machine Learning (ML), Data Analytics (DA) and hacking are making it even more difficult to completely protect an individual's/patient's privacy.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Information contained in EHR is also used for different secondary purposes (other than patient personal care) such as clinical research, health promotions, clinical audit and clinical governance, national screening and preventive campaigns, audits against national standards, national statistics, planning future services, and resource allocations etc., [12]”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EHR are the patients' computerized health records that contain patients' complete information along with their medical history in a format (refer Figure 1) that can be easily shared among different health care providers or can be accessed by them through different linked locations when required [5].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sharing of EHR across multiple agencies makes it vulnerable to cyber attacks and also makes it difficult to implement strict privacy laws as in some cases data is shared with organization that is governed by specific regional law.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data saved in EHRs can be accessed through multiple locations simultaneously and also can be shared with different partner organizations conveniently.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, different limitations were exposed in this version such as a difficult implementation process, having a number of optional segments and above all lack of proper representation that is capable enough to identify techniques for exchanging messages and interfaces [30].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) FAST HEALTHCARE INTEROPERABILITY RESOURCES (FHIR)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The HL7 standard allows different healthcare organizations to share and exchange patient information via encoded data exchange.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) HEALTH LEVEL SEVEN (HL7) STANDARD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These standards have potential capabilities of supporting work flows in small devices like mobile phones [33].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) FAST HEALTHCARE INTEROPERABILITY RESOURCES (FHIR)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FHIR standards are very simple to adapt, possess scalability and are robust in nature.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) FAST HEALTHCARE INTEROPERABILITY RESOURCES (FHIR)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using patient sensitive information for different secondary purposes without their consent can seriously affect their privacy.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients are often unwilling to share their private health data for secondary uses, sharing it only for personal care.
In the paper
“Afterwards this organization defined HL7-Clinical Document Architecture (HL7 CDA) as EHR messaging standard for easy integration, interchange, sharing and retrieval of information across different clinical information systems.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) HEALTH LEVEL SEVEN (HL7) STANDARD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although HL7 version 3 resolved much of the problems of previous versions, it could not resolve the incompatibility issue raised because of a variety of sub versions [31].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) FAST HEALTHCARE INTEROPERABILITY RESOURCES (FHIR)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These standards provide legislation to protect personal data but with fast paced advancement in Data Analytics (DA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) [18], [19] poses new challenges for such standards.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > I. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it is beyond the capacity of human to review clinical data of EHR in large volume.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data contained in EHR (in the form of clinical notes) is often noisy, incomplete and inconsistent as well as it contains grammatical errors, misspelled words etc.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Data contained in EHR in the form of clinical notes is often noisy, incomplete and inconsistent as well as contains grammatical errors and misspelled words.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, with the technology advancements, at one side EHR have become more informative sources than ever before”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, these methods are time consuming and not reliable to capture all the structured information.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“3) their robustness against high complex functions, and 4) their performance gets better on large datasets and it further improves as data grows in size [47].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such data elements are not represented in any standard coding scheme such as ICD codes, therefore, their retrieval, reporting and aggregation is not easy like structured data using commonly available database tools [34].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > III. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD INFORMATION SOURCES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PHS is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data related to a specific disease for administering and assessing public health on the whole [64].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, clinical research holds a pivotal role in tackling some of the hard pressed medical issues.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CLINICAL RESEARCH
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but with new advancements in medical testing, nature of EHR data (its unstructured elements) is getting complex.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, for the effective management of advanced and vast data contained in EHR, more efficient tools are required.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Successful utilization of this information for research purposes requires development of new and emerging research infrastructures capable of exchanging information based on latest published standards.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CLINICAL RESEARCH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the domain of clinical research, EHR is an essential part because it is a basic information source and a possible way of exchanging clinical information with different stakeholders.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CLINICAL RESEARCH
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when data is shared across different healthcare organizations, it raises different security and privacy concerns.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CLINICAL RESEARCH
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With time EHR will contain such pieces of data/information that was never used before.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but on the other hand, DL approaches have opened new avenues to extract and use information contained in EHR for different real world applications.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > IV. DEEP LEARNING FOR EHR DATA ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also not a reliable method as there are chances of errors due to manual handling of data.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method of PHS is time consuming, requires large manpower and needs huge efforts to record, store and analyze the data.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is an important need of the present day automated surveillance systems to use data from EHR.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to perform quality clinical audits, the clinical data must be easily available as well as the available data must be reliable to perform clinical audit.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > C. CLINICAL AUDIT AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, the importance of digital data recording systems (like EHR) has been clearly revealed and demonstrated to the whole world [79].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is because patients do not always trust a single healthcare organization and may visit several such organizations to get a sense of satisfaction.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. INCOMPLETENESS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients do not always trust a single healthcare organization.
In the paper
“Study conducted in [88] showed that out of 1.1 million adult patients, 31% visited two or more hospitals, whereas, one percent patients visited five or more hospitals for acute care during a five year period of their study.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. INCOMPLETENESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EHR data is collected through routine clinical practices during which the clinicians priority is to collect the patients data according to their own point of interest and according to different administrative needs but not according to their various secondary uses (refer Section V).”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CORRECTNESS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of collected clinical data is a serious concern of the researchers.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VI. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY USES OF EHR
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients also miss follow up visits suggested by the physicians or sometimes due to the perfunctory of the concerned medical staff (who records patient related data), incomplete records are stored in EHR.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. INCOMPLETENESS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improvement in accuracy of EHR is essential to make it equally beneficial for primary as well as secondary uses.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > A. CORRECTNESS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EHR data is handled by various individuals and at different locations.Multiple persons are involved in entering, storing and processing the data, therefore, data contains several definitions.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > C. INCONSISTENCY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since, the data in EHR contains more detailed information than the other sources, therefore, in case of cyber attacks (Ransomware, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) etc.), a big population can be affected at once that can lead much beyond the financial losses [95].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other than personal and financial information, EHR data also contains patient's highly confidential data in the form of physicians' personal notes, neuroimaging data [98], [99], X-rays, ultrasounds as well as lab reports.This data may include lab results of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases [100], mental disorders [101], personality disorders [102], contagious diseases as well as doctors”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98]
- Not checked yetcites [100]
- Not checked yetcites [101]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Involvement of different individuals in preparation and processing of EHR leads to an inconsistent form of data.It means, data present in EHR is not uniform.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > C. INCONSISTENCY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Criminals sell valuable data taken from EHR to the ''darkweb'' [92] (darkweb refers to the content on the web that is not indexed by search engines and thus remains hidden from the general public) and achieve high financial gain.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the data is present without mentioning proper units as units are often remembered by the medical staff and they can understand language written by each other.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > C. INCONSISTENCY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In case of patients monitored at home, the data from patients is collected through a distributed network of sensors.Securing such data is another big challenge because there are greater chances of spying and skimming [104].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With the increased used of smart healthcare services, e health solutions [107], [108], and digital record systems, EHR data generates sheer volume of data (Alone in US 48% growing annually [109]), therefore, most of the data of EHR database is stored on cloud services [110].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109]
- Not checked yetcites [110]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cloud storage of EHR is beneficial in many ways like it provides cost effective storage, easy access as well as processing and updating of information is achieved with improved effectiveness and efficiency but on the other hand opens new doors for the threats and breaches [111].It is because highly sensitive and confidential patients' information contained in EHR is stored on a third party server”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111]
- Not checked yetcites [112]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All such data is stored in the hospital's local database (each hospital may have its own local electronic database), which is connected across other hospitals' or health providers' databases via wired or wireless connections for sharing purposes.Transfer of such confidential data over the internet creates several security risks.It provides a chance to hackers and other harmful attackers to access”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the technology in healthcare is continually evolving, its inter connectivity is also evolving.With the help of interconnected networks, patients' information is made broadly available to the relevant organizations and staff to provide quality healthcare.Exchange of patient information over the large inter connected network is beneficial in many ways but has increased existing security risks.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Different cryptographic, non cryptographic and hybrid access control models have been developed to securely access EHR data [115], [116], but with the advancements in technology, securing data in EHR is more challenging as it was ever before.Therefore, there is a high need of securing data in EHR over the network and on cloud servers [117].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115]
- Not checked yetcites [116]
- Not checked yetcites [117]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order to overcome such deficiencies of cloud based storage, recently blockchain chain technology has been introduced in the healthcare sector [121], [122].Although blockchain technology provides a range of benefits over the cloud computing technology, it does not provide finegrained control of access over EHR.In blockchain technology, only the patient's private key can decrypt the encrypted EHR”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121]
- Not checked yetcites [122]
- Not checked yetcites [123]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, The patient's EHR contains more detailed information all together in a single source as compared to the previous paper based medical records, which were distributed among different departments of hospitals.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Usually consent of an individual is necessary for sharing of data but ambiguity arises when different healthcare organizations have different perspectives on the question of ''who owns the data?''.Does data belong to the patient, his/her physician, health insurance organization, healthcare organization, social security agency or is it jointly owned by all [104], [127]?”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104]
- Not checked yetcites [127]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, adoption of EHR has not only provided the range of benefits but also introduced potential risks of cyber attacks.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the adoption of EHR it is now easy for the criminals to attack millions of people at a time and to steal their valuable information (because EHR are interconnected with numerous networks.In the case of paper based records it was not possible to steal millions of patients records at a time).”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, disclosing a patient's sensitive private information such as sexually transmitted diseases or mental illness in the public domain can negatively impact an individual's reputation.In extreme cases such individuals can face social boycott as people start avoiding an individual if they know that he/she has sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, chlamydia etc., [128].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even though, researchers have introduced a few very advanced encryption methods such as Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) [118], Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption (KP-ABE) [119] and Cipher text policy Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE) [120] but these are not of much help because the data hosted on clouds is not only vulnerable to external hackers' attacks but also to the internal attacks from”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 1) SECURITY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118]
- Not checked yetcites [119]
- Not checked yetcites [120]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another dimension to this issue is financial impact on an individual's life as medical insurance companies usually calculate premium/cost of insurance based on medical history and life events.In such cases insurance companies can increase their premium [130], [131].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130]
- Not checked yetcites [131]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These privacy concerns are usually raised due to the fact that when the patients data (which was recorded for the purpose of patient individual care) is being shared or linked without consent or knowledge of a particular individual.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Consent of an individual is necessary for sharing of EHR data.
In the paper
“In order to protect sensitive data many patients try to conceal their sensitive information.It is because of the lack of confidence in the system's security retaining their data.It also shows mistrust of patients' on medical staff (doctors, nurses and the others) because patients think that they might disclose their confidential information to the public that may create embarrassment for them in”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hiding facts and information from the physicians and the medical staff can lead to treatment failure.Thus, such challenges may have severe consequences for patients, healthcare providers and even for the governments.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Hiding facts and information from physicians and medical staff can lead to treatment failure.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Privacy of patients can be affected when his/her data is used for clinical research or secondary use, refer Section V for discussion on secondary uses of EHR.For example, a blood sample given by a patient is stored in a laboratory and after carrying out requested analysis the same sample is analyzed again for the purpose of clinical research.Even though the sample is returned back to the”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127]
- Not checked yetcites [132]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If analyzed critically, clauses (b-f) of Article 5 have contradictory nature in the context of EHR data concepts.The regulations mentioned in these clauses (such as data minimization, purpose limitation) limits the quantity of data collection and enforces its deletion soon after the purpose has been achieved.On the other hand, healthcare organizations encourage collecting more and more data and to”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The privacy of clinical data has been subject to a lot of research and it has been difficult to determine how much of the data belongs to the patient and how much of it may belong to healthcare organizations and whether the consent of the owner of data is needed, in case the data is to be used for the research purpose [127], [132], [133].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 2) PRIVACY CHALLENGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127]
- Not checked yetcites [132]
- Not checked yetcites [133]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obtaining explicit consent for every secondary use is a time consuming, costly as well as an exhausting process [149].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Spiekermann et al. [151], if individuals knew about today's healthcare business model and how third parties use personal private data, they would be surprised and feel betrayed.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Re-identification pulls down the illusion of privacy policies, which are promised by technologists.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although, this Article enhances protection of personal data by demanding privacy by design form the controllers but it is difficult to implement because of its broader definition and due to the requirement of additional implementation cost and resources.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In short, HIPAA with HITEC and Cure regulations have not advanced itself with fast growing technology.It does not completely fulfill patients' expectations of immediate availability of their health data electronically when needed [168] and robustly securing personal data.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HIPAA provides comprehensive guidelines to understand the use of technology for the collecting, storing and transmitting PHI.It focuses on streamlining procedures for implementation of different security measures but on the other hand it does not elaborate on how to practically implement such measures.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, under such circumstances, obtaining broad consent is not logical.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: At present, most patients are not aware (or do not want to be aware) about what happens to their data once it has been taken from them and do not know about the data processing procedures undertaken by healthcare providers.
In the paper
“The conclusive outcome of all such debates is to shift specific consent into a broader consent of data processing that covers the range of its future uses (such as secondary uses of EHR) [150].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“After its legislation in 1966, HIPAA has not undergone any major iteration, therefore, its rules have been outdated and cannot provide much help in safeguarding against the vague threats of the present digital age [164].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to concept of healthcare data where decision support and predictive systems are being made by archiving the patients' personal data (consider case of public health surveillance or clinical research, refer Section V), this article creates huge controversy because logically no more backups or archives of data would be applicable by the organizations.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > 3) Data minimization (Article 5(1)(c)):
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another major issue with HIPAA regulations is that its protection applies only on covered entities i.e. health care providers, clinicians, pharmacies, health care facilities and healthcare clearinghouses but not on the non covered entities i.e. different types of information sharing platforms like social media posts [166].Therefore, it can cause personal information leak [167].In case of releasing”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > B. HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166]
- Not checked yetcites [167]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such data elements are not represented in any standard coding scheme such as ICD codes, therefore, their retrieval, reporting and aggregation is not easy like structured data using commonly available database tools[34].”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the methods to convert unstructured data into structured data is manually reviewing EHR by the experts using text charts or data abstraction methods[35].However, these methods are time consuming and not reliable to capture all the structured information.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EHR data contains highly personal and sensitive information i.e.ID/social security number, bank details, family information and medical history.Unauthorized access to EHR information can have devastating financial and social impact on individuals if such sensitive information is leaked in the public sphere.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it is beyond the capacity of human to review clinical data of EHR in large volume.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Storage limitations refer to the fact that personal data must be deleted after it has been used and no longer further needed.It means data should be collected with a proper predefined time-line and it must be removed after the timeline is reached.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Article 5(1)(e)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present technological era, adoption of EHR has positively impacted healthcare services.With the help of seamless data sharing an individual can avail instant healthcare services at their location of preference.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, with evolving technology, risks of data security and compromise of privacy have also been significantly increased.”
§ Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges > VIII. CONCLUSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients are often unwilling to share their private health data for secondary uses, sharing it only for personal care.
“For all such uses, patients may not be willing to share their information as often patients share their private health data for their personal care and not for the other/secondary uses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EHR data has not been utilized to its full potential for secondary uses.
“However, EHR data has not been utilized to its full potential for secondary uses”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients do not always trust a single healthcare organization.
“It is because patients do not always trust a single healthcare organization and may visit several such organizations to get a sense of satisfaction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Data contained in EHR in the form of clinical notes is often noisy, incomplete and inconsistent as well as contains grammatical errors and misspelled words.
“Data contained in EHR (in the form of clinical notes) is often noisy, incomplete and inconsistent as well as it contains grammatical errors, misspelled words etc.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EHR data is the most vulnerable data to cyber threats.
“EHR data is the most vulnerable data to the Cyber Threats.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthcare organizations spend more on increasing their integration but do not spend much on their system protection.
“Healthcare organizations spend more on increasing their integration but do not spend much on their system protection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At present, most patients are not aware (or do not want to be aware) about what happens to their data once it has been taken from them and do not know about the data processing procedures undertaken by healthcare providers.
“At present, most of the patients are not aware (or do not want to be aware) about what happens to their data once it has been taken from them and also they do not know about the data processing procedures undertaken by the healthcare providers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Consent of an individual is necessary for sharing of EHR data.
“Usually consent of an individual is necessary for sharing of data but ambiguity arises when different healthcare organizations have different perspectives on the question of ''who owns the data?''.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hiding facts and information from physicians and medical staff can lead to treatment failure.
“Hiding facts and information from the physicians and the medical staff can lead to treatment failure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NLP-based machine learning models can convert unstructured data elements of electronic health records into structured codes and extract useful information for further analysis.
“NLP based ML models give meanings to words and phrases in text and convert unstructured data elements of EHR into structured codes.In short, NLP captures unstructured data elements of EHR, analyzes the data elements with respect to their grammatical structures, obtains meanings from grammatical structures, and finally summarizes information to make it useful for further analysis.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similar concerns are also discussed in [149], which encompass patient privacy and confidentiality, challenges in obtaining informed consent, limited data ownership, potential inaccuracies, biases, commercialization risks, and security vulnerabilities.”
From Ethical Framework for Harnessing the Power of AI in Healthcare and Beyond (2024) · cites this paper as [149]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Spiekermann attribution points to a different reference
MinorThe text attributes a claim to Spiekermann et al. at reference 151, but reference 151 lists Voigt and von dem Bussche; Spiekermann et al. appear at reference 150.
“According to Spiekermann et al. [151], if individuals knew about today's healthcare business model and how third parties use personal private data, they would be surprised and feel betrayed.”
“151. P. Voigt and A. von dem Bussche, ''Scope of application of the GDPR,'' in The EU General Data Protection Regulation.”
Article 6 requirements described as both one condition and all clauses
MinorThe paper first says lawful processing requires obeying one of the listed conditions, then says all the listed clauses must be followed.
“it is necessary for the data controllers to set out/obey one of the following conditions”
“In order to process personal data lawfully, all the clauses of the Article 6 (mentioned above) are important to be followed by the data controllers”
HIPAA enactment year changes from 1996 to 1966
MinorThe paper says HIPAA was passed in 1996, but later dates its legislation to 1966.
“After its legislation in 1966, HIPAA has not undergone any major iteration”
“In the year 1996 US congress made and passed HIPAA act to protect the patients' confidential health information contained in their medical records.”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 180 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- wheeler, 2019, The Counselor and the Law A Guide to Legal and Ethical Practice
- mohammed, 2017, US healthcare industry: Cybersecurity regulatory and compliance issues, Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 9, 1771
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Cited by
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Visualising Developing Nations Health Records: Opportunities, Challenges and Research Agenda
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Heterogeneous electronic medical record representation for similarity computing.Preprint
Memarzadeh, H., Ghadiri, N., Shahreza, M. L., & Pokharel, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Avances en Uro-Oncología «OncoUrology Forum Special Edition»: lo mejor del 2020
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Advances in urologic oncology “OncoUrology Forum Special Edition”: The best of 2020
Gómez-Veiga, F., Alcaraz, A., Burgos-Revilla, J., & Cózar-Olmo, F. J. (2021) · Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.09.001
Retos y oportunidades en la accesibilidad de datos
Calva, M. (2022) · Interfases · doi:10.26439/interfases2022.n016.5888
Xu, K., Song, Y., & Ma, J. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.45728
Canaway, R., Chidgey, C., Hallinan, C. M., Daniel Capurro, N., & Boyle, D. I. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3287418/v1
Komalasari, R. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1662-7.ch003
McMahon, M., Plate, S., Herz, T., Brenner, G., Kleinknecht‐Dolf, M., & Krauthammer, M. O. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.66667
Kuo, R. Y. L., Soltan, A. A. S., O’Hanlon, C., Hasanic, A., Clifton, D. A., Collins, P. G. S., Furniss, D., & Eyre, D. W. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4870585/v1
Huang, S., Guan, M., Yuan, F., Dong, X., Wang, Y., Nan, S., & Li, W. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.66020
Palm, J., Saleh, K., Scherag, A., & Ammon, D. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.68171
Análise de requisitos de privacidade e segurança em registros eletrônicos de saúde
da Silva, R. R. T., & Ivaki, N. (2024) · Journal of Health Informatics · doi:10.59681/2175-4411.v16.iespecial.2024.1281
He, Y., Xia, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Meng, Y., Ji, X., Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Xue, F., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5134450
Sharif, H. S., & Hajra, S. (2025) · Social Sciences Spectrum · doi:10.71085/sss.04.01.220
Health Management Strategies for Medical Health Records Incorporating Graph Theory Methods
Wang, Y., & Yan, J. (2025) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2025-0166
Verma, V. V., Samal, S., & RenukaJyothi, S. (2023) · Seminars in Medical Writing and Education · doi:10.56294/mw2023142
Lindholm, T., Lias, N., Kvarnström, K., Holmström, A.-R., Toivo, T., Uusitalo, M., Nurmi, H. J., & Airaksinen, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70133 · Cited by 1
Ethical concerns in healthcare analytics: exploring the complexities of data-driven decision making
Rajak, M. K., & Dey, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26480-1.00012-6
Pithode, K., & Patheja, P. S. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2025.3558351
Kuo, R. Y. L., Hanlon, C., Smith, J. H., Hill, R., Papież, B. W., Collins, P. G. S., Furniss, D., & Tutton, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5363074
A Reliable Communication and Computational Mechanism for Governing the Healthcare Data Processing
Rathee, G., Singal, G., & Tomar, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4148-2_18
He, Y., Xia, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Meng, Y., Ji, X., Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Xue, F., et al. (2025) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/74062
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Sharma, N., Graham, S. E., Sites, A. R., Coleman, B. C., & Lisi, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2025.08.014
Swarm intelligence-based novel machine learning approach for forecasting mental illness
Kaur, P., Mishra, A., Govindaraj, M., Parashar, M., Mary, P. S., & Patel, U. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025ss0305
A Robust Machine Learning Framework for Liver Disease Assessment Using Random Forest and SMOTE
Katiyar, K., & Bhat, S. R. (2025) · International Conference on Information, Implementation, and Innovation in Technology (I2ITCON) · doi:10.1109/i2itcon65200.2025.11210565
Multimorbidity measurement strategies for predicting hospital visits
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Canaway, R., Boyle, D. I., Manski-Nankervis, J.-A., & Gray, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19533834
Mao, J. M., Gomez, G. G. F., Wang, M., Xu, H., & Thyvalikakath, T. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25200615
Mao, J. M., Gomez, G. G. F., Wang, M., Xu, H., & Thyvalikakath, T. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679200
Azzouzi, M. E., Coatrieux, G., Bellafqira, R., Denis Delamarre, D., Riou, C., Oubenali, N., Cabon, S., Marc Cuggia, A., & Bouzillé, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26681680
Mao, J. M., Gomez, G. G. F., Wang, M., Xu, H., & Thyvalikakath, T. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25200710
Canaway, R., Boyle, D. I., Manski-Nankervis, J.-A., & Gray, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19533837
Canaway, R., Chidgey, C., Hallinan, C. M., Daniel Capurro, N., & Boyle, D. I. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26729998
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Development and Integration of P-POS Consensus in Blockchain-Based EHR Frameworks
Malhotra, V., Joshi, S., & Tiwari, V. (2025) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation · doi:10.1109/iccca66364.2025.11325317
Amalgamation of Federated Learning and Blockchain for Healthcare
Chintalacheruvu, N. K., Kumar, D., & Prakash, A. (2026) · International Conference on AI-Driven Smart Systems and Ubiquitous Computing (ICAUC) · doi:10.1109/icauc68182.2026.11441286
Ofori, J. A., Jenkins, J., & Yeboah, E. A. (2026) · Health Information Management Journal · doi:10.1177/18333583261433386
Supporting Integrated Care through Visualization of Shared Medical Documents and Communication
Marref, R. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1db4aef8z7294z4c7bzb0b1z000f40d4de6d
da Silva, R. R. T., & Alencar, L. (2026) · Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications · doi:10.1007/s12083-026-02265-z
Rezaei, A., Jahanbakhsh, M., & Dehghan, H. R. (2026) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03488-z
FAUJOUR, C., Bouée, S., Emery, C., & Jannot, A. (2026) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocag113
Data protection in allergology: current status, challenges, and solutions
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MedChain: A Blockchain-Based Solution to Manage and Record Patient Data Securely
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Lei, Q.-K., Wu, T.-X., Zhang, C.-L., & Zheng, Y. (2026) · Liver Research · doi:10.1016/j.livres.2026.08.001
Evaluating migraine tracking methods: a study of headache diary use in Lithuania
Petrosian, D., Jokubaitis, M., & Ryliškienė, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1904398
Datenschutz in der Allergologie: Status quo, Herausforderungen und Lösungen
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EMRShare: Blockchain-Based Medical Record Sharing System
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Natural Language Processing of Clinical Data
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Janssen, A. L., Tallic, S., Gasevic, D., Kay, J., Pizzuti, C., Bucalon, B., Shah, K. M., Roxburgh, N., & Shaw, T. J. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.113795
Pinto, M. F., Silva, N. P., Marques, S. S., Cruz, N., Anjo, E., & Pinto, C. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1974886
Singh, S., & Firmin, S. (2026) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers15100729
Metadata
- Authors
- Shah, S. M., & Khan, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Information Technology, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 136947-136965
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3002945543
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 12.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Thoreau and American Literature
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Keywords
- electronic health records, secondary use of health data, patient privacy, data privacy regulation, GDPR, HIPAA, My Health Record, data breaches, cyberattacks, health data sharing, clinical research, disease surveillance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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