Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain
Abstract
A bstract : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides accurate anatomical brain images without the use of ionizing radiation, allowing longitudinal studies of brain morphometry during adolescent development. Results from an ongoing brain imaging project being conducted at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health indicate dynamic changes in brain anatomy throughout adolescence. White matter increases in a roughly linear pattern, with minor differences in slope in the four major lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital). Cortical gray matter follows an inverted U‐shape developmental course with greater regional variation than white matter. For instance, frontal gray matter volume peaks at about age 11.0 years in girls and 12.1 years in boys, whereas temporal gray matter volume peaks at about age at 16.7 years in girls and 16.2 years in boys. The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, important for controlling impulses, is among the latest brain regions to mature without reaching adult dimensions until the early 20s. The details of the relationships between anatomical changes and behavioral changes, and the forces that influence brain development, have not been well established and remain a prominent goal of ongoing investigations.
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Frontal cortical areas responsible for cognitive control depend on age and experience and continue developing through adolescence into adulthood.
“In contrast, development of frontal cortical areas of the brain, responsible for cognitive control over behavior, depends on age and experience and continues throughout adolescence and into adulthood (Sowell et al. 2003; Giedd 2004).”
From Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Nicotine Exposure during Adolescence for Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Network Function (2012) · cites this paper as Giedd 2004
Data from recent longitudinal MRI studies indicate that the change in gray matter volume over time has an inverted U-shape pattern and has greater regional variation than white matter.
“Data from recent longitudinal MRI studies indicate that the change in gray matter volume over time has an inverted U-shape pattern and has greater regional variation than white matter (Giedd 2004; Gogtay et al. 2004, Sowell et al. 2003, 2004).”
From <i>The Adolescent Brain</i> (2008) · cites this paper as Giedd 2004
The adolescent brain remains plastic and displays developmental-based morphological changes in total white and gray matter volume.
“Research has demonstrated that the brain remains plastic through adolescence and displays developmental-based morphological changes in total white and gray matter volume (Giedd et al. 1999; Giedd 2004).”
From The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Giedd 2004
The PFC is slow to mature, reaching adult dimensions in the early 20s.
“The PFC is slow to mature, reaching adult dimensions in the early 20s (Giedd, 2004).”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Giedd, 2004
Prior studies show that during adolescence different brain regions reach peak gray matter volume at different rates, with concurrent neurophysiological changes.
“Previous studies have shown that throughout the span of adolescence, different brain regions reach peak gray matter volume at distinct rates (Giedd, 2004, Gogtay et al., 2004, Creze et al., 2014), with concurrent changes in neurophysiology (Whitford et al., 2007).”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as Giedd, 2004
In humans and laboratory animals, amygdala volume increases during adolescence.
“In both humans and laboratory animals, the volume of frontal cortex decreases in adolescence whereas the volume of the amygdala increases (e.g., Giedd et al, 1996; Giedd, 2004; Markham et al, 2007).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Giedd, 2004
In humans and laboratory animals, frontal cortex volume decreases during adolescence.
“In both humans and laboratory animals, the volume of frontal cortex decreases in adolescence whereas the volume of the amygdala increases (e.g., Giedd et al, 1996; Giedd, 2004; Markham et al, 2007).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Giedd, 2004
In humans and laboratory animals, frontal cortex volume declines during adolescence while amygdala volume increases.
“In both humans and laboratory animals, the volume of frontal cortex decreases in adolescence whereas the volume of the amygdala increases (e.g., Giedd et al, 1996; Giedd, 2004; Markham et al, 2007).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Giedd, 2004
The developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex in rats and humans is nonlinear, with a decline in synaptic density or volume during adolescence.
“The developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both rats and humans is nonlinear, with a notable decline in synaptic density during adolescence, potentially creating a 'natural lesion' preparation at this age.”
From Impaired Extinction Retention in Adolescent Rats: Effects of D-Cycloserine (2010) · cites this paper as Geidd, 2004
Age was associated with an increase in structural connectivity strength in most of the identified striatal tracts.
“In agreement with previous literature, we found that age was associated with an increase in structural connectivity strength in most of the identified striatal tracts (55).”
From Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as [55]
Brain maturation continues into the mid-20s.
“Because the brain does not reach full maturity until the mid-20s,(325)”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [325]
Due to past incidents of patient information being sold or lost, patients do not feel confident in disclosing their information even to physicians.
“Due to all such incidents, patients don't feel confident in disclosing their information even to the physicians.”
From Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges (2020) · cites this paper as [136]
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“Giedd JN. 2004.”
Pediatric neuroimaging using magnetic resonance imaging during non-sedated sleep
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- Authors
- GIEDD, J. N.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- GIEDD, JAY N.
- ORCID
- GIEDD, JAY N.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 1021
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-85
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2146473511
- Cited by
- 1,610
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 22.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- adolescent brain development, brain morphometry, white matter maturation, gray matter volume, frontal lobe maturation, prefrontal cortex maturation, sex differences in brain development, longitudinal neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Sex Factors
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