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Secure Healthcare Data Aggregation and Transmission in IoT—A Survey
Open accessAbstract
Internet of medical things (IoMT) is getting researchers' attention due to its wide applicability in healthcare. Smart healthcare sensors and IoT enabled medical devices exchange data and collaborate with other smart devices without human interaction to securely transmit collected sensitive healthcare data towards the server nodes. Alongside data communications, security and privacy is also quite challenging to securely aggregate and transmit healthcare data towards Fog and cloud servers. We explored the existing surveys to identify a gap in literature that a survey of fog-assisted secure healthcare data collection schemes is yet contributed in literature. This paper presents a survey of different data collection and secure transmission schemes where Fog computing based architectures are considered. A taxonomy is presented to categorize the schemes. Fog assisted smart city, smart vehicle and smart grids are also considered that achieve secure, efficient and reliable data collection with low computational cost and compression ratio. We present a summary of these scheme along with analytical discussion. Finally, a number of open research challenges are identified. Moreover, the schemes are explored to identify the challenges that are addressed in each scheme.
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“Another challenging task is to manage several devices remotely and without any loss in time or management. Because in this type of framework, there is a need to integrate devices along with their data and information coming from different aspects [208].”
From Federated learning-based AI approaches in smart healthcare: Concepts, taxonomies, challenges and open issues (2023) · cites this paper as [208]
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Multi-Level Node Authorization using Recurrent Neural Networks for Secure Health Monitoring System
Narayana, V. L., Syamalatha, P., Vatsalya, P., SriCharitha, V., & Akhila, V. (2023) · International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA) · doi:10.1109/icscna58489.2023.10370543
“The advent of wireless networks and radio frequency identification (RFID) [5] have contributed to this technological advancement, laying a solid foundation upon which the IOT can be built.”
BackgroundEnhancing Road Safety with Cloud-Integrated IoT Road Signal Detection System
Hitayezu, A., Umutoni, M. R., Tuyishime, E., Jayavel, K., & Kabiri, C. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many-core Systems-on-Chip (MCSoC) · doi:10.1109/mcsoc60832.2023.00025
“IoT is the internet of everything [7], and it connects smart things to the internet [8][7][2][9].”
BackgroundUsing smart grid infrastructure for authentication and data management in Internet of Medical Things
Din, I. U., Ali, W., Almogren, A., ALRassan, I., & Zeadally, S. (2024) · Security and Privacy · doi:10.1002/spy2.376
“20 The basic structure of IoMT mainly consists of: (i) sensors within or attached to the patient’s body, (ii) an intermediate node/network, (iii) a centralized database or a powerful resource rich server wherein the data could be stored, and (iv) medical physicians or experts who monitor patients…”
BackgroundImproving healthcare data integrity using blockchain technology
Aljaber, K. O., & Alibrahim, T. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0191861
Kumar, G. M., & Nalini, M. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0169670
Quality-Focused Design Patterns for Digital Twin SystemsPreprint
Human, C., Basson, A. H., & Kruger, K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4798807
On Resilience of Distributed Flooding Algorithm to Stochastic Link Failures
Kenyeres, M., & Kenyeres, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70285-3_42
SARN: Structurally-Aware Recurrent Network for Spatio-Temporal Disaggregation
Han, B., & Howe, B. (2024) · ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (SIGSPATIAL GIS) · doi:10.1145/3678717.3691295
“Although aggregation can protect individual privacy [10, 15, 47] (without strong guarantees [4, 18]), it complicates integration of multiple datasets (e.g., aligning tract-level to block-level data) and destroys information useful for training.”
Enhancing Healthcare Services through User-Centered Data Collection and Analysis
Zungor, O., Uludag, Y., Celikel, O., & Pınarer, Ö. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825709
“Data aggregation, the process of gathering and combining data from various sources into a comprehensive dataset, is fundamental to deriving meaningful insights that can enhance healthcare services, improve patient outcomes and optimize operational efficiencies [4], [10], [11].”
Feasibility Study on Integrative Healthcare Platforms for Improved Patient Care Quality
Senapati, J. N., Varma, P., Ghorpade, V. V., & Tiwari, G. (2023) · Health Leadership and Quality of Life · doi:10.56294/hl2023238
Enhancing Security Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT Ecosystems
Tuteja, G., Rani, S., Sharma, A., & Singla, S. (2024) · Global Conference on Communications and Information Technologies (GCCIT) · doi:10.1109/gccit63234.2024.10862099
Fang, K., Qin, X., Wang, J., Zhang, X., & Chen, P. (2024) · International Conference on Computer, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICCBD+AI) · doi:10.1109/iccbd-ai65562.2024.00082
“Additionally, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS) provides end-to-end encryption, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data [2].”
Medical Physics: The Technology Revolution in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Kazem, N. A.-H. A., Razak, M. A., Jaloub, S. A., & Hussein, T. J. (2025) · Bright Sky Publications eBooks · doi:10.62906/bs.book.307
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Toward a Unified Graph-Based Representation of Medical Data for Precision Oncology Medicine
Belluomo, D., Calamoneri, T., Paesani, G., & Salvo, I. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_8
Viral detection: nanosensors in quaraetntine enforcement
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Medical Data Processing using IoT and Distributed Computing
Padaliya, K., Kumar, U., Kumar, D., Pandiri, J., Kandari, B., & Sati, M. M. (2024) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Materials (ICACCM) · doi:10.1109/icaccm61117.2024.11059010
M-ECDH Cryptographic Framework for Secure Cloud-Based Healthcare MonitoringPreprint
Tamilselvan (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7373098/v1
NFT Minting DApp: A Decentralized Application for Converting Digital Assets Into Non-Fungible Tokens
Khan, Z., Baig, M. H., Waqas, M., Muzammal, S. M., Jhanjhi, N. Z., & Tayyab, M. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS) · doi:10.1109/icetas62372.2024.11120107
“The rise of blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized and unalterable properties, has paved the way for the birth of (NFTs) Non-Fungible Tokens [1], [2], [3], [4].”
Self-citationIoT-Enabled Glove for Women’s Safety and Sign Language Translation
Bairwa, B., Magadum, S., Salian, T. C., Bagali, V. M., Yelisetti, S., & Sekhar, M. G. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Knowledge Extraction (ICICKE) · doi:10.1109/icicke65317.2025.11136270
“Using a glove as an intuitive and low-cost HMI expediently tracks the motions of human fingers, thus resulting in a straightforward communication media of human–machine interactions [19].”
Access Control in Healthcare IoT : A Comprehensive Survey
Nazir, A., Rehmani, M. H., Butler, B., & O’Shea, D. (2026) · Engineering Reports · doi:10.1002/eng2.70766
Security and Privacy in IoT-Enabled EEG Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Survey and Comparative Analysis
Baghestan, A. B., & Rabbani, M. (2025) · doi:10.1109/iot69654.2025.11297585
“Network segmentation and anomaly-based intrusion detection tailored to EEG traffic patterns improve operational resilience [27].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ullah, A., Azeem, M., Ashraf, H., Alaboudi, A. A., Humayun, M., & Jhanjhi, N.
- Affiliations
- National University of Modern Languages (PK)
- International Islamic University, Islamabad (PK)
- Shaqra University (SA)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 16849-16865
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126450618
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 18.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Keywords
- Internet of Medical Things, secure data transmission, fog computing, healthcare data privacy, data compression, smart cities, intelligent vehicles, smart grid
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