A decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare blockchain for IoT
Open accessAbstract
Medical care has become one of the most indispensable parts of human lives, leading to a dramatic increase in medical big data. To streamline the diagnosis and treatment process, healthcare professionals are now adopting Internet of Things (IoT)-based wearable technology. Recent years have witnessed billions of sensors, devices, and vehicles being connected through the Internet. One such technology-remote patient monitoring-is common nowadays for the treatment and care of patients. However, these technologies also pose grave privacy risks and security concerns about the data transfer and the logging of data transactions. These security and privacy problems of medical data could result from a delay in treatment progress, even endangering the patient's life. We propose the use of a blockchain to provide secure management and analysis of healthcare big data. However, blockchains are computationally expensive, demand high bandwidth and extra computational power, and are therefore not completely suitable for most resource-constrained IoT devices meant for smart cities. In this work, we try to resolve the above-mentioned issues of using blockchain with IoT devices. We propose a novel framework of modified blockchain models suitable for IoT devices that rely on their distributed nature and other additional privacy and security properties of the network. These additional privacy and security properties in our model are based on advanced cryptographic primitives. The solutions given here make IoT application data and transactions more secure and anonymous over a blockchain-based network.
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Recent studies have begun to incorporate analogous and peripheral technologies into blockchain-based system architectures, including IoT, sensors, wireless body area networks, big data, edge computing, and cloud technology.
“Recent studies have begun to incorporate analogous and peripheral technologies into blockchain-based system architectures that include IoT (Dwivedi et al., 2019), sensors (Casado-Vara & Corchado, 2019), wireless body area networks (Griggs et al., 2018), (Mamoshina et al., 2018), big data (Dhagarra et al., 2019), edge computing (Zheng et al., 2019), and cloud technology (Kaur et al., 2018).”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Dwivedi et al., 2019
Dwivedi et al. refer to resource constraints related to IoT; Zhang et al. acknowledge costs of deploying a decentralized app.
“For example, Dwivedi et al. (2019) refer to the resource constraints related to IoT, whereas Zhang et al. (2018) acknowledge the costs associated with deploying a decentralized app for deploying blockchain.”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Dwivedi et al., 2019
Strategic issues include resource constraints; technical issues include performance uncertainty and system requirements.
“These include strategic issues, such as resource constraints (Dwivedi et al., 2019) and technical issues, such as performance uncertainty (Hyla and Pejaś, 2019) and system requirements (Quaini et al., 2018).”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Dwivedi et al., 2019
Dwivedi et al.'s decentralized blockchain data security scheme has not had actual simulations rendered.
“The weakness of the article is that actual simulations have not been rendered on the suggested security scheme.”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
The storage and management of medical details need a consistent concept of access control, authentication, and immutability of data information to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and reliability of health documents and health reports.
“The storage and management of medical details need a consistent concept of access control, authentication, and immutability of data information to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and reliability of health documents and health reports that contain all wearable sensor results and service facilities’ patient treatment records (Dwivedi et al. 2019).”
From Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technology in E-Health (2021) · cites this paper as Dwivedi et al. 2019
These approaches (Dwivedi and Tuli et al.) are still vulnerable to DoS attacks and tampering because they still rely on a centralized Blockchain controller.
“However, these approaches are still vulnerable to DoS attacks and tampering because they still rely on a centralized Blockchain controller.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Fault tolerance capabilities of such eHealth architecture have not been significantly improved.
“Fault tolerance capabilities of such eHealth architecture have not been significantly improved.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The Gateway verifies the Blocks as a Miner before adding the Blocks to the Blockchain overlay network.
“The Gateway verifies the Blocks as a Miner before adding the Blocks to the Blockchain overlay network.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Blockchain-based ehealth architectures have been designed to manage health data autonomously.
“Blockchain-based ehealth architectures [1,15,16] have been designed to manage health data autonomously.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Dwivedi attempted to reduce the computational overhead on IoT devices by deploying a Gateway node to gather data Blocks from a group of IoT devices.
“Dwivedi [1] attempted to reduce the computational overhead on IoT devices by deploying a Gateway node to gather data Blocks from a group of IoT devices.”
From Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT ehealth framework (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The privacy-by-design nature of blockchain is well-suited for smart city applications such as healthcare, data sharing, and sharing economy services.
“The privacy-by-design nature of blockchain is well-suited for smart city applications such as healthcare (Dagher et al. 2018; Dwivedi et al. 2019), data sharing (Makhdoom et al. 2020), and sharing economy services (Rahman et al. 2019).”
From Blockchain technology in the smart city: A bibliometric review (2022) · cites this paper as Dwivedi et al. 2019
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- Authors
- Dwivedi, A. D., Srivastava, G., Dhar, S., & Singh, R.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Computer Science (PL)
- China Medical University (TW)
- University of Allahabad (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Srivastava, Gautam
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 326
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6359727
- OpenAlex
- W2908737503
- Cited by
- 881
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 53
- FWCI
- 157.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Keywords
- blockchain in healthcare, Internet of Things, wearable devices, remote patient monitoring, medical data privacy, decentralized blockchain, resource-constrained IoT devices, cryptographic primitives, data security, smart cities, big data in healthcare
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Big Data, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Computer Security, Internet
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