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A Survey of Data Mining and Machine Learning Methods for Cyber Security Intrusion Detection
Abstract
This survey paper describes a focused literature survey of machine learning (ML) and data mining (DM) methods for cyber analytics in support of intrusion detection. Short tutorial descriptions of each ML/DM method are provided. Based on the number of citations or the relevance of an emerging method, papers representing each method were identified, read, and summarized. Because data are so important in ML/DM approaches, some well-known cyber data sets used in ML/DM are described. The complexity of ML/DM algorithms is addressed, discussion of challenges for using ML/DM for cyber security is presented, and some recommendations on when to use a given method are provided.
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In the citing paper
“The C4.5 algorithm [200], the ID3 algorithm [199], and the CART algorithm [55] are among the well-known decision tree algorithms used for intrusion detection.”
From Comparative Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems and Machine Learning Based Model Analysis through Decision Tree (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Though there are various surveys on ML in networking [18,61,82,142,246,339], this survey is purposefully different.”
From A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: Evolution, applications and research opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Whereas, Fadlullah et al. [142] and Buczak et al. [82], both state-of-theart surveys, have a specialized treatment of ML to specific problems in networking.”
From A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: Evolution, applications and research opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
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BackgroundMethodSurvey on security and privacy issues in cyber physical systems
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Using Conceptual Modeling to Support Machine Learning
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“Many survey papers on machine learning algorithms can be found in the literature [2, 13, 89].”
BackgroundEnhancing network intrusion detection classifiers using supervised adversarial training
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“…learning methods, including support vector machine (SVM) [3, 4], artificial neural network (ANN) [5, 6], K-nearest neighbors (KNN) [7, 8], random forest (RF) [9] and others [10, 11], have been implemented as classifiers to improve the performance of intrusion detection and have made good progress.”
MethodPcapGAN: Packet Capture File Generator by Style-Based Generative Adversarial Networks
Baik, D., Jung, Y., & Choi, C.-H. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) · doi:10.1109/icmla.2019.00191 · Cited by 37
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TL-NID: Deep Neural Network with Transfer Learning for Network Intrusion Detection
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Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Classifiers for Intrusion Detection
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“Recent approaches in intrusion detection have applied machine learning to improve detection rate [7] [8] [9].”
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BackgroundImproved Network Traffic Classification Using Ensemble Learning
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“ajor downside is the expensive computational time required during feature selection and training, however, giving that IDSs are kind of systems that can be trained offline and deployed online for use [40], [41], this should not be a major point of concern since our method is capable of detecting malicious network atta…”
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Ravikumar, K. C., Chiranjeevi, P., Devarajan, N. M., Kaur, C., & Taloba, A. I. (2022) · Measurement Sensors · doi:10.1016/j.measen.2022.100473 · Cited by 35
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A Survey on the Applications of Semi-supervised Learning to Cyber-security
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Industrial Internet of Things Intrusion Detection System Based on Graph Neural Network
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Intrusion Detection with Segmented Federated Learning for Large-Scale Multiple LANs
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MalPhase: Fine-Grained Malware Detection Using Network Flow Data
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An Analysis of IoT Cyber Security Driven by Machine Learning
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Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Feature Boosting for Smart Grid Intrusion Detection
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A Fully Streaming Big Data Framework for Cyber Security Based on Optimized Deep Learning Algorithm
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A deep learning/machine learning approach for anomaly based network intrusion detection
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SMOTE: Class Imbalance Problem In Intrusion Detection System
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On the Robustness of Domain Constraints
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Artificial Intelligence and Human Psychology in Online Transaction Fraud
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“Protection of these computer system networks has careened into a danger zone during the last decade (Buczak and Guven, 2016; Greengard, 2016); each of the computer network security systems should have, at a minimum, an intrusion detection system (IDS), antivirus software, and firewalls.”
BackgroundMeta-survey on outlier and anomaly detection
Olteanu, M., Fabrice Rossi, A., & Yger, F. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126634 · Cited by 44
“For instance in intrusion detection [49, 64, 69, 12], the normal behavior model is not interesting per se and serves only as a detector of intrusions.”
Toward Improved Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection for Internet of Things Traffic
Alkadi, S., Al-Ahmadi, S. A., & Ismail, M. M. B. (2023) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers12080148 · Cited by 36
“A terabyte of data is labeled in a manual manner by a knowledge expert within the IDS field, meaning only a limited number of datasets are available for benchmarking [35].”
MethodAn Intrusion Detection Model using election-Based Feature Selection and K-NN
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EnClass: Ensemble-Based Classification Model for Network Anomaly Detection in Massive Datasets
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“still the importance of network based techniques for large scale datsets has not been explored to its full potential [4].”
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Zhou, C., Li, X., Yang, S., & Tian, Y. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2903224 · Cited by 33
How Deep Learning Is Making Information Security More Intelligent
Singla, A., & Bertino, E. (2019) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msec.2019.2902347 · Cited by 33
Parmar, M. D., Pang, W., Hao, D., Jiang, J., Wang, L., Wang, L., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2926579 · Cited by 33
A Hybrid Nested Genetic-Fuzzy Algorithm Framework for Intrusion Detection and Attacks
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Not Afraid of the Unseen: a Siamese Network based Scheme for Unknown Traffic Discovery
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Cryptojacking Detection with CPU Usage Metrics
Gomes, F., & Correia, M. P. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA) · doi:10.1109/nca51143.2020.9306696 · Cited by 33
Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms Used on Attacks Detection in Industrial Control Systems
Arora, P., Kaur, B., & Teixeira, M. A. (2021) · Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India) Series B · doi:10.1007/s40031-021-00563-z · Cited by 34
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A heuristics approach to mine behavioural data logs in mobile malware detection system
Nguyen, G., Nguyen, B. M., Tran, D., & Hluchý, L. (2018) · Data & Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.datak.2018.03.002 · Cited by 33
Review on Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for Network Security using Machine Learning Algorithms
Nusrath Unnisa, A., Yerva, M., & Kurian, M. Z. (2022) · International Research Journal on Advanced Science Hub · doi:10.47392/irjash.2022.014 · Cited by 32
Benchmarking the Benchmark - Comparing Synthetic and Real-World Network Ids Datasets
Layeghy, S., Gallagher, M. R., & Portmann, M. (2022) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103689 · Cited by 32
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A Secure High-Order Lanczos-Based Orthogonal Tensor SVD for Big Data Reduction in Cloud Environment
Feng, J., Yang, L. T., Dai, G., Wang, W., & Zou, D. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Big Data · doi:10.1109/tbdata.2018.2803841 · Cited by 32
Adaptive security-related data collection with context awareness
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Improving the effectiveness of intrusion detection systems for hierarchical data
Yahalom, R., Steren, A., Nameri, Y., Roytman, M., Porgador, A., & Elovici, Y. (2019) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2019.01.002 · Cited by 33
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“There are numerous works introduced over the last decade that explore these dark data stored within SIEMs to derive security value, thus introducing concepts such as big data analytics, machine learning, data mining and pattern matching into cybersecurity [9].”
BackgroundAppCon: Mitigating Evasion Attacks to ML Cyber Detectors
Apruzzese, G., Andreolini, M., Marchetti, M., Colacino, V. G., & Russo, G. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12040653 · Cited by 32
“Security operators often adopt machine learning techniques [3,32], which allow for detecting anomalies and may even reveal novel attacks that are not easily recognizable through traditional signature-based approaches [33,34], thus increasing protection against advanced threats.”
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“There are many anomaly detection methods that use traditional machine learning meth-ods to detect malicious traffic[28] anomaly detection.”
MethodSecuring Additive Manufacturing with Blockchains and Distributed Physically Unclonable Functions
Cambou, B., Gowanlock, M., Heynssens, J. B., Jain, S., Philabaum, C. R., Booher, D., Burke, I., Garrard, J., Telesca, D. A., & Njilla, L. (2020) · Cryptography · doi:10.3390/cryptography4020017 · Cited by 32
AI and machine learning: A mixed blessing for cybersecurity
Kamoun, F., Iqbal, F., Esseghir, M. A., & Baker, T. (2020) · International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) · doi:10.1109/isncc49221.2020.9297323 · Cited by 32
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Outliers detection methods in wireless sensor networks
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“A significant amount of work has been undertaken in the context of anomaly detection, as documented on a number of surveys [see e.g. (Gupta et al. 2014; Ahmed et al. 2016; Buczak and Guven 2016)].”
BackgroundImpact of Machine Learning in Various Network Security Applications
Banerjee, J., Maiti, S., Chakraborty, S., et al. (2019) · International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) · doi:10.1109/iccmc.2019.8819811 · Cited by 31
“• If signature capture of the attack is necessary, then evolutionary computation, decision trees, and association rules are a good fit [3].”
BackgroundIPv6 Covert Channels in the Wild
Mazurczyk, W., Powójski, K., & Caviglione, L. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3360664.3360674 · Cited by 31
“Lastly, advancements in the development of tools for network security and intrusion detection systems could partially void the original vision [4], as IPv6 covert channels were initially introduced in 2006 [11].”
BackgroundMarashdih, A. W., Zaaba, Z. F., Suwais, K. M., et al. (2019) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.230 · Cited by 31
Bhor, H. N., & Kalla, M. (2021) · Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1111/coin.12473 · Cited by 31
“Difff (i, j) = √∑ q∈CIS(i,j) (Sat e f (i, q) − Sat e f (j, q))2 |CIS(i, j)| , (8)”
Cavelty, M. D., & Wenger, A. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003110224 · Cited by 35
Investigation on Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) in IoT
(2022) · International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research · doi:10.30534/ijeter/2022/041032022 · Cited by 35
Cyberattacks on connected automated vehicles: A traffic impact analysis
Sun, Z., Liu, R., Hu, H., et al. (2022) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/itr2.12259 · Cited by 31
Privacy leakage of LoRaWAN smart parking occupancy sensors
Rodić, L. D., Perković, T., Škiljo, M., & Šolić, P. (2022) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2022.08.007 · Cited by 32
Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Optimised Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm
Elisa, N., Yang, L., & Naik, N. (2018) · IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) · doi:10.1109/cec.2018.8477932 · Cited by 31
Double layer detection of internal threat in enterprise systems based on deep learning
He, D., Lv, X., Xu, X., Chan, S., & Choo, K.-K. R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3372771 · Cited by 31
Behavior-Based Anomaly Detection in Log Data of Physical Access Control Systems
Skopik, F., Wurzenberger, M., Höld, G., Landauer, M., & Kuhn, W. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2022.3197265 · Cited by 36
Santos, P., Abreu, R., Reis, M. J. C. S., Serôdio, C., & Branco, F. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25144272 · Cited by 51
“Algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can identify patterns and anomalies indicative of suspicious activity with significantly higher accuracy than traditional signature-based methods [1].”
Detection of phishing websites using a novel twofold ensemble model
Nagaraj, K., Bhattacharjee, B., Sridhar, A., & Sharvani, G. S. (2018) · Journal of Systems and Information Technology · doi:10.1108/jsit-09-2017-0074 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Buczak, A. L., & Guven, E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ORCID
- Buczak, Anna L.
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1153-1176
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- 2373-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2342408547
- Semantic Scholar
- 971766088dfaf63fb55e6f0190b14f28f2c98ad0
- Cited by
- 3,332
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 460 · 2025: 395 · 2024: 297 · 2023: 319 · 2022: 403 · 2021: 447 · 2020: 394 · 2019: 314 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 115.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Homeland Security Network Security Deployment Division (HSSA01-13-C-2709)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Network Packet Processing and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Immune Systems Applications
- Keywords
- intrusion detection, cybersecurity, machine learning, data mining, algorithmic complexity
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