xMUDA: Cross-Modal Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentation
Abstract
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) is crucial to tackle the lack of annotations in a new domain. There are many multi-modal datasets, but most UDA approaches are uni-modal. In this work, we explore how to learn from multi-modality and propose cross-modal UDA (xMUDA) where we assume the presence of 2D images and 3D point clouds for 3D semantic segmentation. This is challenging as the two input spaces are heterogeneous and can be impacted differently by domain shift. In xMUDA, modalities learn from each other through mutual mimicking, disentangled from the segmentation objective, to prevent the stronger modality from adopting false predictions from the weaker one. We evaluate on new UDA scenarios including day-to-night, country-to-country and dataset-to-dataset, leveraging recent autonomous driving datasets. xMUDA brings large improvements over uni-modal UDA on all tested scenarios, and is complementary to state-of-the-art UDA techniques. Code is available at https://github.com/valeoai/xmuda.
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Multiple decoders can also be used but it is a less common choice.
“Multiple decoders can also be used but it is a less common choice [121].”
From Multimodal semantic segmentation in autonomous driving: A review of current approaches and future perspectives (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
xMUDA, using SparseConvNet3D and ResNet34 backbones, achieves an mIoU of 49.1 on the KITTI dataset for 2D + 3D semantic segmentation.
“| xMUDA [121] | SparseConvNet3D [125] ResNet34 [16] | 49.1 |”
From Multimodal semantic segmentation in autonomous driving: A review of current approaches and future perspectives (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
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Jin, Z., Lei, Y., Akhtar, N., Li, H., & Hayat, M. (2022) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00709 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
GIPSO: Geometrically Informed Propagation for Online Adaptation in 3D LiDAR Segmentation
Saltori, C., Krivosheev, E., Lathuilière, S., Sebe, N., Galasso, F., Fiameni, G., Ricci, E., & Poiesi, F. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19827-4_33 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
DetMatch: Two Teachers are Better than One for Joint 2D and 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detection
Park, J. S., Xu, C., Zhou, Y., Tomizuka, M., & Zhan, W. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20080-9_22 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Tian, J., & Zhu, X. X. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.103165 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Hou, J., & Qian, Y. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3286981 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Multi-Modal Continual Test-Time Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentation
Cao, H., Xu, Y., Yang, J., Yin, P., Yuan, S., & Xie, L. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.01724 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Compositional Semantic Mix for Domain Adaptation in Point Cloud Segmentation
Saltori, C., Galasso, F., Fiameni, G., Sebe, N., Poiesi, F., & Ricci, E. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3310261 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Multi-Space Alignments Towards Universal LiDAR Segmentation
Liu, Y., Kong, L., Wu, X., Chen, R., Li, X. Y., Pan, L., Liu, Z., & Ma, Y. (2024) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52733.2024.01388 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Multi-source multi-modal domain adaptation
Zhao, S., Jiang, J., Tang, W., Zhu, J., Chen, H., Xu, P., Schuller, B. W., Tao, J., Yao, H., & Ding, G. (2024) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102862 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rochan, M., Aich, S., Corral-Soto, E. R., Nabatchian, A., & Liu, B. (2022) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra46639.2022.9811654 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
SqueezeSegV3: Spatially-Adaptive Convolution for Efficient Point-Cloud SegmentationPreprint
Xu, C., Wu, B., Wang, Z., Zhan, W., Vajda, P., Keutzer, K., & Tomizuka, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.01803 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
LiDAR2Map: In Defense of LiDAR-Based Semantic Map Construction Using Online Camera Distillation
Wang, S., Li, W., Liu, W., Liu, X., & Zhu, J. (2023) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00502 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
3D Point Cloud Descriptors in Hand-crafted and Deep Learning Age: State-of-the-ArtPreprint
Han, X.-F., Sun, S., Song, X., & Xiao, G. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.02297 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Li, G., Kang, G., Wang, X., Wei, Y., & Yang, Y. (2023) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01960 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Three Pillars Improving Vision Foundation Model Distillation for Lidar
Puy, G., Gidaris, S., Boulch, A., Siméoni, O., Sautier, C., Pérez, P., Bursuc, A., & Marlet, R. (2024) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52733.2024.02033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Category-Level Adversaries for Outdoor LiDAR Point Clouds Cross-Domain Semantic Segmentation
Yuan, Z., Wen, C., Cheng, M., Su, Y., Liu, W., Yu, S., & Wang, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3219853 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
3D Semantic Segmentation of Aerial Photogrammetry Models Based on Orthographic Projection
Rong, M., & Shen, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2023.3273224 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Multi-Modal Contrastive Learning for LiDAR Point Cloud Rail-Obstacle Detection in Complex Weather
Wen, L., Peng, Y., Lin, M., Gan, N., & Tan, R. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13010220 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
SALUDA: Surface-based Automotive Lidar Unsupervised Domain Adaptation
Michele, B., Boulch, A., Puy, G., Vu, T.-H., Marlet, R., & Courty, N. (2024) · International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) · doi:10.1109/3dv62453.2024.00134 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationDaFF: Dual Attentive Feature Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection
Althoupety, A. S., Wang, L., Feng, W., & Rekabdar, B. (2024) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw63382.2024.00305 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Modality adaptation in multimodal data
Razzaghi, P., Abbasi, K., Shirazi, M., & Shabani, N. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115126 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Li, M., Xie, Y., Li, C., Wang, C., Zhang, Z., & Qu, Y. (2022) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3503161.3547987 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Instant Domain Augmentation for LiDAR Semantic Segmentation
Ryu, K., Hwang, S., & Park, J. (2023) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00902 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Xing, M., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., Jianping Fan, B., Shi, Z., & Qu, Y. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3581783.3612013 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
DODA: Data-Oriented Sim-to-Real Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentation
Ding, R., Yang, J., Jiang, L., & Qi, X. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19812-0_17 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Multi-Stage Fusion for Multi-Class 3D Lidar Detection
Wang, Z.-J., Zhao, Z. W., Jin, Z., Che, Z., Tang, J., Shen, C., & Peng, Y. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00347 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Uncertainty-aware Mean Teacher for Source-free Unsupervised Domain Adaptive 3D Object DetectionPreprint
Hegde, D., Sindagi, V. A., Kilic, V., Cooper, A. B., Foster, M. A., & Patel, V. M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.14651 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Robust 3D Semantic Segmentation Based on Multi-Phase Multi-Modal Fusion for Intelligent Vehicles
Ni, P., Li, X., Xu, W., Kong, D., Hu, Y., & Wei, K. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles · doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3317784 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
U3DS 3 : Unsupervised 3D Semantic Scene Segmentation
Liu, J., Yu, Z., Breckon, T. P., & Shum, H. P. H. (2024) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00372 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
mDALU: Multi-Source Domain Adaptation and Label Unification with Partial Datasets
Gong, R., Dai, D., Chen, Y., Li, W., & Gool, L. V. (2021) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00875 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tsai, D., Berrío, J. S., Shan, M., Worrall, S., & Nebot, E. (2022) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3185783 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for Domain Adaptation in 3D Semantic Segmentation
Xing, B., Ying, X., Wang, R., Yang, J., & Chen, T. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25400 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cui, J., Niu, J., He, Y., Liu, D., & Ouyang, Z. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3336753 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
SeCoV2: Semantic Connectivity-Driven Pseudo-Labeling for Robust Cross-Domain Semantic Segmentation
Zhao, D., Zang, Q., Pu, N., Wang, S., Sebe, N., & Zhong, Z. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3596943 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., & He, B. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2023.3247737 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Source-free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather
Hegde, D., Kilic, V., Sindagi, V. A., Cooper, A. B., Foster, M. A., & Patel, V. M. (2023) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra48891.2023.10161341 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Point-TTA: Test-Time Adaptation for Point Cloud Registration Using Multitask Meta-Auxiliary Learning
Hatem, A. S., Qian, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.01512 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, M., Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Qu, Y., & Fu, Y. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.01068 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Xu, J., Yang, W., Kong, L., Liu, Y., Zhou, Q., Zhang, R., Li, Z., Chen, W., & Fei, B. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3587430 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cardace, A., Ramirez, P. Z., Salti, S., & Stefano, L. D. (2023) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw59228.2023.00015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Walking Your LiDOG: A Journey Through Multiple Domains for LiDAR Semantic Segmentation
Saltori, C., Ošep, A., Ricci, E., & Leal-Taixé, L. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00025 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
ProtoTransfer: Cross-Modal Prototype Transfer for Point Cloud Segmentation
Pin, T., Xu, H., & Ma, C. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00309 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
MoPA: Multi-Modal Prior Aided Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentation
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Traffic thermal infrared texture generation based on siamese semantic CycleGAN
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Drive&Segment: Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation of Urban Scenes via Cross-Modal Distillation
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SCoDA: Domain Adaptive Shape Completion for Real Scans
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OpenForest: a data catalog for machine learning in forest monitoring
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DFAN: Dual-Branch Feature Alignment Network for Domain Adaptation on Point Clouds
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Efficient 3D Scene Semantic Segmentation via Active Learning on Rendered 2D Images
Rong, M., Cui, H., & Shen, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3286708 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
TPV-IGKD: Image-Guided Knowledge Distillation for 3D Semantic Segmentation With Tri-Plane-View
Li, J.-C., Lu, J., Wei, M., Kang, H.-Y., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3361163 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RoMo: Robust Unsupervised Multimodal Learning With Noisy Pseudo Labels
Li, Y., Qin, Y., Sun, Y., Peng, D., Peng, X., & Hu, P. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2024.3426482 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jaritz, M., Vu, T.-H., de Charette, R., Wirbel, E., & Perez, P.
- Affiliations
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
- Venue
- 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2020-06
- Pages
- 12602-12611
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3035750252
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 12.89
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis
- Keywords
- unsupervised domain adaptation, cross-modal learning, 3D semantic segmentation, point clouds, 2D images, domain shift, disentangled representation learning, autonomous driving
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