The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social risk and depression: Evidence from manual and automatic facial expression analysis
Open accessAbstract
Investigated the relationship between change over time in severity of depression symptoms and facial expression. Depressed participants were followed over the course of treatment and video recorded during a series of clinical interviews. Facial expressions were analyzed from the video using both manual and automatic systems. Automatic and manual coding were highly consistent for FACS action units, and showed similar effects for change over time in depression severity. For both systems, when symptom severity was high, participants made more facial expressions associated with contempt, smiled less, and those smiles that occurred were more likely to be accompanied by facial actions associated with contempt. These results are consistent with the "social risk hypothesis" of depression. According to this hypothesis, when symptoms are severe, depressed participants withdraw from other people in order to protect themselves from anticipated rejection, scorn, and social exclusion. As their symptoms fade, participants send more signals indicating a willingness to affiliate. The finding that automatic facial expression analysis was both consistent with manual coding and produced the same pattern of depression effects suggests that automatic facial expression analysis may be ready for use in behavioral and clinical science.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49 · Cited by 3,316
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020327 · Cited by 2,677
Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis
Tian, Y.-I., Kanade, T., & Cohn, J. F. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.908962 · Cited by 1,745
Self-citationEmotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder
Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.627 · Cited by 654
Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences
Knutson, B. (1996) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf02281954 · Cited by 644
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 · Cited by 494
Detecting depression from facial actions and vocal prosody
Cohn, J. F., Kruez, T. S., Matthews, I., Yang, Y., Nguyen, M. H., Padilla, M. T., Zhou, F., & De la Torre, F. (2009) · 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2009.5349358 · Cited by 494
Self-citationEmotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression
Berenbaum, H., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.1.37 · Cited by 345
Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1006623213355 · Cited by 340
Cited by
Openface 2.0: facial behavior analysis toolkit
Baltrusaitis, T., Zadeh, A., Lim, Y. C., & Morency, L.-P. (2018) · 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018) · doi:10.1109/fg.2018.00019 · Cited by 1,861
Social functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663
Meng, H., Huang, D., Wang, H., Yang, H., AI-Shuraifi, M., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Audio/visual emotion challenge · doi:10.1145/2512530.2512532 · Cited by 225
Jan, A., Meng, H., Gaus, Y. F. B. A., & Zhang, F. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2017.2721552 · Cited by 219
The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory
Badcock, P. B., Davey, C. G., Whittle, S., Allen, N. B., & Friston, K. J. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.005 · Cited by 190
Metadata
- Authors
- Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., Mahoor, M. H., Mavadati, S., & Rosenwald, D. P.
- Venue
- 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2013-04
- Pages
- 1-8
- OpenAlex
- W2157735101
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 15.89
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Social risk and depression: Evidence from manual and automatic facial expression analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/fg.2013.6553748
- The paper
- Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., Mahoor, M. H., Mavadati, S., & Rosenwald, D. P. (2013). Social risk and depression: Evidence from manual and automatic facial expression analysis. 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG). https://doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553748
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.