The Influence of Facial Emotion Displays, Gender, and Ethnicity on Judgments of Dominance and Affiliation
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Happiness displays can signal affiliative intentions.
“Happiness displays can signal affiliative intentions (Hess et al., 2000; Knutson, 1996; Martin et al., 2017)”
From Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members (2023) · cites this paper as Hess et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 265-283
- ISSN
- 0191-5886 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3653
- OpenAlex
- W2136266539
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- emotional facial expressions, emotion perception, perceived dominance, affiliation, gender differences, ethnicity, cross-cultural perception, anger, expression intensity, observer expectations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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