An HOG-LBP human detector with partial occlusion handling
Abstract
By combining Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) as the feature set, we propose a novel human detection approach capable of handling partial occlusion. Two kinds of detectors, i.e., global detector for whole scanning windows and part detectors for local regions, are learned from the training data using linear SVM. For each ambiguous scanning window, we construct an occlusion likelihood map by using the response of each block of the HOG feature to the global detector. The occlusion likelihood map is then segmented by Mean-shift approach. The segmented portion of the window with a majority of negative response is inferred as an occluded region. If partial occlusion is indicated with high likelihood in a certain scanning window, part detectors are applied on the unoccluded regions to achieve the final classification on the current scanning window. With the help of the augmented HOG-LBP feature and the global-part occlusion handling method, we achieve a detection rate of 91.3% with FPPW= 10−6, 94.7% with FPPW= 10−5, and 97.9% with FPPW= 10−4on the INRIA dataset, which, to our best knowledge, is the best human detection performance on the INRIA dataset. The global-part occlusion handling method is further validated using synthesized occlusion data constructed from the INRIA and Pascal dataset.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The integral image can also be used to speed up more general features in object detection, e.g., color histogram and gradient histogram.
“The integral image can also be used to speed up more general features in object detection, e.g., color histogram, gradient histogram [124, 157-159], etc.”
From Object Detection in 20 Years: A Survey (2023) · cites this paper as [157]
Cites
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
Lowe, D. G. (2004) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/b:visi.0000029664.99615.94 · Cited by 55,589 · see citing works
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005) · 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.177 · Cited by 33,584 · see citing works
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
Viola, P., & Jones, M. J. (2004) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/b:visi.0000013087.49260.fb · Cited by 14,097 · see citing works
Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis
Comaniciu, D., & Meer, P. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.1000236 · Cited by 11,417 · see citing works
A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions
Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., & Harwood, D. (1996) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/0031-3203(95)00067-4 · Cited by 6,882 · see citing works
Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition
Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., & Pietikäinen, M. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2006.244 · Cited by 5,592 · see citing works
Mean shift, mode seeking, and clustering
Cheng, Y. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.400568 · Cited by 3,868 · see citing works
A discriminatively trained, multiscale, deformable part model
Felzenszwalb, P. F., McAllester, D., & Ramanan, D. (2008) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587597 · Cited by 2,911 · see citing works
Face Recognition with Local Binary Patterns
Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., & Pietikäinen, M. (2004) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_36 · Cited by 2,462 · see citing works
Robust real-time object detection.
Viola, P. A. (2001) · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Detecting Pedestrians Using Patterns of Motion and Appearance
Viola, P. A., Jones, M., & Snow, D. (2005) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-005-6644-8 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
The PASCAL visual object classes challenge 2006 (VOC2006) results
Everingham, M., Zisserman, A., Williams, C. K. I., & Gool, L. V. (2006) · Cited by 2,079 · see citing works
Object class recognition by unsupervised scale-invariant learning
Fergus, R., Perona, P., & Zisserman, A. (2003) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211479 · Cited by 2,030 · see citing works
Human Detection Using Oriented Histograms of Flow and Appearance
Dalal, N., Triggs, B., & Schmid, C. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11744047_33 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
Fast Human Detection Using a Cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients
Zhu, Q., Yeh, M.-C., Cheng, K.-T., & Avidan, S. (2006) · 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2 (CVPR'06) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.119 · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
Pedestrian detection: A benchmark
Dollár, P., Wojek, C., Schiele, B., & Perona, P. (2009) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206631 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Detecting pedestrians using patterns of motion and appearance
Viola, Jones, & Snow (2003) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2003.1238422 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Classification using intersection kernel support vector machines is efficient
Maji, S., Berg, A. C., & Malik, J. (2008) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587630 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Pedestrian Detection in Crowded Scenes
Leibe, B., Seemann, E., & Schiele, B. (2005) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.272 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Learning to detect objects in images via a sparse, part-based representation
Agarwal, S., Awan, A. B. Y., & Roth, D. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2004.108 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Wu, B., & Nevatia, R. (2005) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2005.74 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Integral histogram: a fast way to extract histograms in Cartesian spaces
Porikli, F. (2005) · 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.188 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Beyond sliding windows: Object localization by efficient subwindow search
Lampert, C. H., Blaschko, M. B., & Hofmann, T. (2008) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587586 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Human Detection Based on a Probabilistic Assembly of Robust Part Detectors
Mikolajczyk, K., Schmid, C., & Zisserman, A. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_6 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
An Experimental Study on Pedestrian Classification
Munder, S., & Gavrila, D. M. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2006.217 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Detecting Pedestrians by Learning Shapelet Features
Sabzmeydani, P., & Mori, G. (2007) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2007.383134 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Human Detection via Classification on Riemannian Manifolds
Tuzel, O., Porikli, F., & Meer, P. (2007) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2007.383197 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Discriminative local binary patterns for human detection in personal album
Mu, Y., Yan, S., Liu, Y., et al. (2008) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587800 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationFinding People in Images and Videos
Dalal, N., Imagerie, S. ́., Robotique, V. E., et al. (2006) · Cited by 267 · see citing works
A Performance Evaluation of Single and Multi-feature People Detection
Wojek, C., & Schiele, B. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69321-5_9 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Tracking of Multiple, Partially Occluded Humans based on Static Body Part Detection
Wu, B., & Nevatia, R. (2006) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.312 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Feature Mining for Image Classification
Dollár, P., Zhuowen Tu, A., Hai, T., & Belongie, S. (2007) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2007.383046 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Quality-Driven Face Occlusion Detection and Recovery
Lin, D., & Tang, X. (2007) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2007.383052 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Configuration Estimates Improve Pedestrian Finding
Tran, D., & Forsyth, D. A. (2007) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Occlusion boundaries: low-level detection to high-level reasoning
Hebert, M., & Stein, A. N. (2008) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Research on Occlusion in the Multiple Vehicle Detecting and Tracking System
Fu, P., Liu, W., Xue, D., et al. (2006) · World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation · doi:10.1109/wcica.2006.1714047 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Object Detection in 20 Years: A Survey
Zou, Z., Chen, K., Shi, Z., Guo, Y., & Ye, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2023.3238524 · Cited by 3,689 · see citing works
Deep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Survey
Liu, L., Ouyang, W., Wang, X., Fieguth, P., Chen, J., Liu, X., & Pietikäinen, M. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-019-01247-4 · Cited by 2,965 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep learning for visual understanding: A review
Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Oerlemans, A., Lao, S., Wu, S., & Lew, M. S. (2016) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.116 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
HyperNet: Towards Accurate Region Proposal Generation and Joint Object Detection
Kong, T., Yao, A., Chen, Y., & Sun, F. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.98 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
A review of object detection based on deep learning
Xiao, Y., Tian, Z., Yu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Du, S., & Lan, X. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-08976-6 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Occlusion-Aware R-CNN: Detecting Pedestrians in a Crowd
Zhang, S., Wen, L., Bian, X., Lei, Z., & Li, S. Z. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01219-9_39 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Filtered channel features for pedestrian detection
Zhang, S., Benenson, R., & Schiele, B. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298784 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Local binary features for texture classification: Taxonomy and experimental study
Liu, L., Fieguth, P., Guo, Y., Wang, X., & Pietikäinen, M. (2017) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2016.08.032 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Survey
Liu, L., Ouyang, W., Wang, X., Fieguth, P., Chen, J., Liu, X., & Pietikäinen, M. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1809.02165 · Cited by 2,965 · see citing works
Self-citationFeature-Based Image Patch Approximation for Lung Tissue Classification
Song, Y., Cai, W., Zhou, Y., & Feng, D. D. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2013.2241448 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A Survey on an Emerging Area: Deep Learning for Smart City Data
Chen, Q., Wang, W., Wu, F., De, S., Wang, R., Zhang, B., & Huang, X. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tetci.2019.2907718 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Hierarchical and Networked Vehicle Surveillance in ITS: A Survey
Tian, B., Morris, B. T., Tang, M., Liu, Y., Yao, Y., Gou, C., Shen, D., & Tang, S. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2552778 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Single-Pedestrian Detection Aided by Multi-pedestrian Detection
Ouyang, W., & Wang, X. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2013.411 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationReal World Object Detection Dataset for Quadcopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detection
Pawelczyk, M. L., & Wojtyra, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3026192 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Regionlets for Generic Object Detection
Wang, X., Yang, M., Zhu, S., & Lin, Y. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2015.2389830 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of pedestrian detection techniques in automotive far‐infrared video
Hurney, P., Waldron, P., Morgan, F., Jones, E., & Glavin, M. (2015) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/iet-its.2014.0236 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Understanding Human Reactions Looking at Facial Microexpressions With an Event Camera
Becattini, F., Palai, F., & Bimbo, A. D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3195063 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Intelligent detection of fastener defects in ballastless tracks based on deep learning
Ye, W., Ren, J., Lu, C., Zhang, A. A., Zhan, Y., & Liu, J. (2024) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105280 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, X., Han, T. X., & Yan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2009-09
- Pages
- 32-39
- OpenAlex
- W2548197316
- Cited by
- 1,727
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 177 · 2014: 171 · 2013: 162 · 2012: 103
- FWCI
- 65.74
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Leonard Wood Institute
- Army Research Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- human detection, partial occlusion, histogram of oriented gradients, local binary pattern, mean shift segmentation, linear support vector machine, INRIA dataset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review