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HD-CNN: Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Large Scale Visual Recognition
Abstract
In image classification, visual separability between different object categories is highly uneven, and some categories are more difficult to distinguish than others. Such difficult categories demand more dedicated classifiers. However, existing deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained as flat N-way classifiers, and few efforts have been made to leverage the hierarchical structure of categories. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical deep CNNs (HD-CNNs) by embedding deep CNNs into a two-level category hierarchy. An HD-CNN separates easy classes using a coarse category classifier while distinguishing difficult classes using fine category classifiers. During HDCNN training, component-wise pretraining is followed by global fine-tuning with a multinomial logistic loss regularized by a coarse category consistency term. In addition, conditional executions of fine category classifiers and layer parameter compression make HD-CNNs scalable for largescale visual recognition. We achieve state-of-the-art results on both CIFAR100 and large-scale ImageNet 1000-class benchmark datasets. In our experiments, we build up three different two-level HD-CNNs, and they lower the top-1 error of the standard CNNs by 2:65%, 3:1%, and 1:1%.
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“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs or ConvNets) are a class of deep feed-forward neural networks whose main purpose is to extract spatial patterns from visual input signals [20, 22].”
From A survey on deep multimodal learning for computer vision: advances, trends, applications, and datasets (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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“the background for the airplane class has less noise than others, and the fact that some categories are harder for the object detector than the others [15], which implies that the hard classes are more sensitive to information loss (approximation).”
BackgroundLearning Layer-Skippable Inference Network
Jiang, Y., Cheng, C., Lin, H., & Fu, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2020.3018269 · Cited by 12
“HD-CNN [16] learned a hierarchical structure of classes by grouping fine categories into coarse classes and embedded deep CNNs into the category hierarchy for better fine-grained prediction.”
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“[21] introduce hierarchical deep CNNs (HD-CNNs) by embedding deep CNNs into a category hierarchy.”
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MethodBERT for Sequence-to-Sequence Multi-label Text Classification
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“e computed by summing over these original scores. The discovered category hierarchy can help alleviate the highly uneven visual separability between different object categories in image classification [61] from which the category-embedded hierarchical deep CNN could be beneficial. 4. Experimental Results & Discussio…”
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Sampling complex topology structures for spiking neural networks
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Consistency-constrained RGB-T crowd counting via mutual information maximization
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Global for Coarse and Part for Fine: A Hierarchical Action Recognition Framework
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BackgroundScalable-effort ConvNets for multilevel classification
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Layer sparsity in neural networks
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“The coarse-to-fine recognition process is natural and favored by researchers [46, 47, 29, 7] and it is very useful in real-world applications.”
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“HD-CNN was proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of hierarchical deep convolutional neural networks for large scale visual recognition [26].”
MethodHandwritten Chinese Characters Recognition Using Two-Stage Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network
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BackgroundModular neural network via exploring category hierarchy
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Why-So-Deep: Towards Boosting Previously Trained Models for Visual Place Recognition
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A Capsule Network for Hierarchical Multi-label Image Classification
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MethodRPR: Random Partition Relaxation for Training; Binary and Ternary Weight Neural NetworksPreprint
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Conditional Information Gain Networks
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BackgroundHUSE: Hierarchical Universal Semantic EmbeddingsPreprint
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“As ImageNet classes are derived from WordNet, WordNet ontology is exploited for classification [6, 33, 39, 41] and image retrieval [7, 18] tasks.”
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Yang, Y., Magoulianitis, V., & Kuo, C. ‐. J. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.02966 · Cited by 10
“[18] proposed a hierarchical deep CNN (HD-CNNs) which embeds”
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“HD-CNN [10] pioneeredatwo-stagecoarse-to-fineclassificationprocess.”
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“Our work is also related to the hierarchical scheme proposed in [31] for object classification in ImageNet 1000-class dataset.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNested Learning for Multi-Level Classification
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Recognizing Edge-Based Diseases of Vocal Cords by Using Convolutional Neural Networks
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“This idea came from the research results of Yan et al. [31].”
ResultRecognition of Two-Mode Optical Vortex Beams Superpositions Using Convolution Neural Networks
Akhmetov, L. G., Porfirev, A. P., & Khonina, S. N. (2023) · Optical Memory and Neural Networks · doi:10.3103/s1060992x23050028 · Cited by 8
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Wan, S., Lin, S. S., Yuan, Q., & He, Z. (2024) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-024-03146-9 · Cited by 8
Two-view topogram-based anatomy-guided CT reconstruction for prospective risk minimization
Liu, C., Klein, L., Huang, Y., Baader, E., Lell, M., Kachelrieß, M., & Maier, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59731-y · Cited by 8
Research on Multi-Scale CNN and Transformer-Based Multi-Level Multi-Classification Method for Images
Gou, Q., & Ren, Y. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3433374 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, this study adopts the manually partitioned three-level classification label tree from B-CNN [21].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAn efficient explainable deep neural network classifier for diabetic retinopathy detection
Mecili, O., Hadj, B., Nouioua, F., Attıa, A., & Akhrouf, S. (2024) · International Journal of Computers and Applications · doi:10.1080/1206212x.2024.2389342 · Cited by 8
Integrating YOLOv8 and CSPBottleneck based CNN for enhanced license plate character recognition
Khokhar, S., & Kedia, D. (2024) · Journal of Real-Time Image Processing · doi:10.1007/s11554-024-01537-2 · Cited by 8
Federated Adversarial Learning for Robust Autonomous Landing Runway Detection
Li, Y., Angelov, P. P., Yu, Z., Pellicer, A. L., & Suri, N. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72347-6_11 · Cited by 8
CONDA: Condensed Deep Association Learning for Co-salient Object Detection
Li, L., Liu, N., Zhang, D., Li, Z., Khan, S., Anwer, R. M., Cholakkal, H., Han, J., & Khan, F. S. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72973-7_17 · Cited by 8
Ensemble of binary tree structured deep convolutional network for image classification
Lee, J.-E., Min-Joo, K., & Kang, J. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) · doi:10.1109/apsipa.2017.8282260 · Cited by 8
“There are several prior arts to develop hierarchically structured DCNN models for image classification [12]–[14], [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialProbabilistic Vehicle Reconstruction Using a Multi-Task CNN
Coenen, M., & Rottensteiner, F. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw.2019.00110 · Cited by 8
“However, in contrast to [41], we do not apply conditional hierarchical classification, in which the output of the coarse classification layers decides about the execution of individual classifiers for the finer layers, because in that case, the output of images that are routed to an incorrect fine…”
Comparative Study of Computer Vision Models for Insect Pest Identification in Complex Backgrounds
Tenorio, G. L., Martins, F. F., Carvalho, T. M., Leite, A. C., Figueiredo, K., Vellasco, M. M. B. R., & Caarls, W. (2019) · International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) · doi:10.1109/dese.2019.00106 · Cited by 8
“The Hierarchical model was implemented based on the pre-existing model [ 5].”
MethodEnd-to-end relation extraction based on bootstrapped multi-level distant supervision
He, Y., Li, Z., Yang, Q., Chen, Z., Liu, A., Zhao, L., & Zhou, X. (2020) · World Wide Web · doi:10.1007/s11280-020-00816-9 · Cited by 8
“A hierarchical CNN models [32] have shown same or even better performance than standard CNN models in the field of visual recognition.”
BackgroundMethodABC: Abstract prediction Before Concreteness
Kim, J.-E., Bradford, R. M., Yoon, M.-K., & Shao, Z. (2020) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date48585.2020.9116479 · Cited by 8
“Although there exists CNN-based architectures for hierarchical classification [2, 3, 4], they do not incorporate intermediate classification features into the next levels as our ABC does.”
BackgroundVisualization of Salient Object With Saliency Maps Using Residual Neural Networks
Rashid, R., Ubaid, S., Idrees, M., Rafi, R., & Bajwa, I. S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100155 · Cited by 8
Dynamic Metric Learning with Cross-Level Concept Distillation
Zheng, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, B., Zhou, J., & Lu, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20053-3_12 · Cited by 9
“different semantic levels for an image [14,10,19,55,58].”
MethodHiBsteR: Hierarchical Boosted Deep Metric Learning for Image Retrieval
Waltner, G., Opitz, M., Possegger, H., & Bischof, H. (2019) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv.2019.00069 · Cited by 8
“[40] propose a coarse-to-fine strategy based on the assumption that not all classes are equally difficult to distinguish.”
BackgroundSoni, A. K., Srivastava, S., Maechler, M. R., Kording, K. P., & Khosla, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.07.607035 · Cited by 11
State-of-the-art skin disease classification: a review of deep learning models
Jaiyeoba, O., Ogbuju, E., Ataguba, G., Jaiyeoba, O., Omaye, J. D., Eze, I. O., & Oladipo, F. O. (2025) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-024-00495-w · Cited by 10
“This is because they require only a small portion of the extensive training data volume to be cached during sequential scans (Yan et al. 2015).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Yan, Z., Zhang, H., Piramuthu, R., Jagadeesh, V., DeCoste, D., Di, W., & Yu, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- eBay (Ireland) (IE)
- Venue
- 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2015-12
- Pages
- 2740-2748
- OpenAlex
- W2962860144
- Cited by
- 936
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 310 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.68
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- coarse-to-fine classification, large-scale image classification
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