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HD-CNN: Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Large Scale Visual Recognition
Abstract
In image classification, visual separability between different object categories is highly uneven, and some categories are more difficult to distinguish than others. Such difficult categories demand more dedicated classifiers. However, existing deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained as flat N-way classifiers, and few efforts have been made to leverage the hierarchical structure of categories. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical deep CNNs (HD-CNNs) by embedding deep CNNs into a two-level category hierarchy. An HD-CNN separates easy classes using a coarse category classifier while distinguishing difficult classes using fine category classifiers. During HDCNN training, component-wise pretraining is followed by global fine-tuning with a multinomial logistic loss regularized by a coarse category consistency term. In addition, conditional executions of fine category classifiers and layer parameter compression make HD-CNNs scalable for largescale visual recognition. We achieve state-of-the-art results on both CIFAR100 and large-scale ImageNet 1000-class benchmark datasets. In our experiments, we build up three different two-level HD-CNNs, and they lower the top-1 error of the standard CNNs by 2:65%, 3:1%, and 1:1%.
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“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs or ConvNets) are a class of deep feed-forward neural networks whose main purpose is to extract spatial patterns from visual input signals [20, 22].”
From A survey on deep multimodal learning for computer vision: advances, trends, applications, and datasets (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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Sun, F., Liang, C., Shao, W., Fu, Z., Zhang, D., Jiang, R., Qi, S., & Calhoun, V. D. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4001-0_20
A Modularity-Enhanced Echo State Network for Nonlinear Wind Energy Predicting
Yue, S., Zhao, Z., Lai, T., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18071858
Deep K-median: a robust unsupervised image segmentation method
Fan, J., Li, Q., Yang, G., Li, N., Li, X., Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2025) · International Conference on Computer Application and Information Security (ICCAIS) · doi:10.1117/12.3060996
“Inspired by hierarchical clustering, Yang et al. 25 proposed a recursive process based on cellular neural networks to continuously merge clusters and learn image representations.”
Robust Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Vehicle Detection in IoV Applications
Thakur, K., Taneja, A., Ankushavali, M., & Obbayeda, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI) · doi:10.1109/iatmsi64286.2025.10984899
“But CNNs learn hierarchical features [9]straight from raw data, allowing strong performance under many scenarios .”
Classification of Pollen Grains Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Brighton, D., Thamburaj, R., Sheeba, F., & Richard, P. S. S. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2694-6_17
Self‐Supervised Image Harmonization via Region‐Aware Harmony Classification
Tian, C., Wang, X., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.70157
Metadata
- Authors
- Yan, Z., Zhang, H., Piramuthu, R., Jagadeesh, V., DeCoste, D., Di, W., & Yu, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- eBay (Ireland) (IE)
- Venue
- 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2015-12
- Pages
- 2740-2748
- OpenAlex
- W2962860144
- Cited by
- 936
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 310 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.68
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- coarse-to-fine classification, large-scale image classification
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