A Survey on Digital Twins: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Future Prospects

Digital twin: Enabling technologies, challenges and open research

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The information bottleneck method

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A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Toward Medical XAI

Tjoa, E., & Guan, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2020.3027314 · Cited by 2,524

A Comprehensive Survey of Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

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A Survey on Metaverse: Fundamentals, Security, and Privacy

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Xing, R., Liu, D., Luan, T. H., & Shen, X. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3202047 · Cited by 1,655

A survey on digital twin: definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications

Barricelli, B. R., Casiraghi, E., & Fogli, D. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953499 · Cited by 1,480

Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends and Future Prospects

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Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented Communications

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Meta-Learning in Neural Networks: A Survey

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Digital Twin Networks: A Survey

Wu, Y., Zhang, K., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3079510 · Cited by 847

Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models

Minerva, R., Lee, G. M., & Crespi, N. (2020) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.2998530 · Cited by 812 · cited 2×

Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs

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Semantic Communications for Future Internet: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges

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Optimized Computation Offloading Performance in Virtual Edge Computing Systems Via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Chen, X., Zhang, H., Wu, C., Mao, S., Ji, Y., & Bennis, M. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2876279 · Cited by 680

Membership Inference Attacks on Machine Learning: A Survey

Hu, H., Salcic, Z. A., Sun, L., Dobbie, G., Yu, P. S., & Zhang, X. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3523273 · Cited by 662

Low-Latency Federated Learning and Blockchain for Edge Association in Digital Twin Empowered 6G Networks

Lu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3017668 · Cited by 500

A Lite Distributed Semantic Communication System for Internet of Things

Xie, H., & Qin, Z. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3036968 · Cited by 497

Task-Oriented Multi-User Semantic Communications

Xie, H., Qin, Z., Tao, X., & Letaief, K. B. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3191326 · Cited by 496

Ekiden: A Platform for Confidentiality-Preserving, Trustworthy, and Performant Smart Contracts

Cheng, R., Zhang, F., Kos, J., He, W., Hynes, N., Johnson, N., Juels, A., Miller, A., & Song, D. X. (2019) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp.2019.00023 · Cited by 460

From Semantic Communication to Semantic-Aware Networking: Model, Architecture, and Open Problems

Shi, G., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., & Xie, X. (2021) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2001239 · Cited by 407

A Digital Twin Based Industrial Automation and Control System Security Architecture

Gehrmann, C., & Gunnarsson, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2938885 · Cited by 377

Reducing Offloading Latency for Digital Twin Edge Networks in 6G

Sun, W. Y., Zhang, H., Wang, R., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3018817 · Cited by 375

Digital Twin: A Comprehensive Survey of Security Threats

Alcaraz, C., & López, J. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3171465 · Cited by 364

Digital Twin of Wireless Systems: Overview, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities

Khan, L. U., Han, Z., Saad, W., Hossain, E., Guizani, M., & Hong, C. S. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3198273 · Cited by 340

Intelligent Small Object Detection for Digital Twin in Smart Manufacturing With Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Zhou, X., Xu, X., Liang, W., Zeng, Z., Shimizu, S., Yang, L. T., & Jin, Q. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3061419 · Cited by 313

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Stochastic Computation Offloading in Digital Twin Networks

Dai, Y., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3016320 · Cited by 298

A Comprehensive Survey on Poisoning Attacks and Countermeasures in Machine Learning

Tian, Z., Cui, L., Liang, J., & Yu, S. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3551636 · Cited by 293

Communication-Efficient Federated Learning and Permissioned Blockchain for Digital Twin Edge Networks

Lu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3015772 · Cited by 288

Security, Privacy, and Access Control in Information-Centric Networking: A Survey

Tourani, R., Misra, S., Mick, T., & Panwar, G. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2749508 · Cited by 284

Adaptive Federated Learning and Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of Things

Sun, W., Lei, S.-Y., Wang, L., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3034674 · Cited by 279

Adaptive Edge Association for Wireless Digital Twin Networks in 6G

Lu, Y., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3098508 · Cited by 265

LVBS: Lightweight Vehicular Blockchain for Secure Data Sharing in Disaster Rescue

Su, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, Q., & Zhang, N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2020.2980255 · Cited by 247

On the Implementation of IoT-Based Digital Twin for Networked Microgrids Resiliency Against Cyber Attacks

Saad, A., Faddel, S., Youssef, T. A., & Mohammed, O. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3000958 · Cited by 242

SecuredTrust: A Dynamic Trust Computation Model for Secured Communication in Multiagent Systems

Das, A., & Islam, M. M. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2011.57 · Cited by 229

BSIS: Blockchain-Based Secure Incentive Scheme for Energy Delivery in Vehicular Energy Network

Wang, Y., Su, Z., & Zhang, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2908497 · Cited by 218

A Methodology for Digital Twin Modeling and Deployment for Industry 4.0

Schroeder, G. N., Steinmetz, C., Rodrigues, R. N., Henriques, R. V. B., Rettberg, A., & Pereira, C. E. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3032444 · Cited by 213

Blockchain-Empowered Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Ni, J., Zhang, N., & Shen, X. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3131711 · Cited by 213

Task-Oriented Communication for Multidevice Cooperative Edge Inference

Shao, J., Mao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3191118 · Cited by 209

Deep Learning for Security in Digital Twins of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems

Lv, Z., Li, Y., Feng, H., & Lv, H. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3113779 · Cited by 194

A Blockchain-Based Approach for the Creation of Digital Twins

Hasan, H. R., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., Omar, M., Yaqoob, I., Pešić, S., Taylor, T., & Boscovic, D. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2974810 · Cited by 193

Collaborative city digital twin for the COVID-19 pandemic: A federated learning solution

Pang, J., Huang, Y., Xie, Z., Li, J., & Cai, Z. (2021) · Tsinghua Science and Technology · doi:10.26599/tst.2021.9010026 · Cited by 186

Digital Twin Analysis to Promote Safety and Security in Autonomous Vehicles

Almeaibed, S., Al–Rubaye, S., Tsourdos, A., & Avdelidis, N. P. (2021) · IEEE Communications Standards Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcomstd.011.2100004 · Cited by 183

The Age of Information in Multihop Networks

Bedewy, A. M. L., Sun, Y. J., & Shroff, N. B. (2019) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2019.2915521 · Cited by 178

Dynamic Digital Twin and Federated Learning With Incentives for Air-Ground Networks

Sun, W. Y., Xu, N., Wang, L., Zhang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2020.3048137 · Cited by 174

Empowering 6G Communication Systems With Digital Twin Technology: A Comprehensive Survey

Kuruvatti, N. P., Habibi, M. A., Partani, S., Han, B., Fellan, A., & Schotten, H. D. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215493 · Cited by 174

Secure and latency-aware digital twin assisted resource scheduling for 5G edge computing-empowered distribution grids

Zhou, Z., Jia, Z., Liao, H., Lu, W., Mumtaz, S., Guizani, M., & Tariq, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3137349 · Cited by 169

Roads Infrastructure Digital Twin: A Step Toward Smarter Cities Realization

Marai, O. E., Taleb, T., & Song, J. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000398 · Cited by 167

Survey on Digital Twin Edge Networks (DITEN) Toward 6G

Tang, F., Chen, X., Rodrigues, T. K., Zhao, M., & Kato, N. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3197811 · Cited by 165

SPDS: A Secure and Auditable Private Data Sharing Scheme for Smart Grid Based on Blockchain

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Chen, J., Sun, X. H., Ye, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3040171 · Cited by 163

Trustworthy digital twins in the industrial internet of things with blockchain

Suhail, S., Hussain, R., Jurdak, R., & Hong, C. S. (2022) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3059320 · Cited by 154

Computation Offloading in Beyond 5G Networks: A Distributed Learning Framework and Applications

Chen, X., Wu, C., Liu, Z., Zhang, N., & Ji, Y. (2021) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000296 · Cited by 153

A Secure and Intelligent Data Sharing Scheme for UAV-Assisted Disaster Rescue

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., Luan, T. H., & Wang, P. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3226458 · Cited by 149

Application-Driven Network-Aware Digital Twin Management in Industrial Edge Environments

Bellavista, P., Giannelli, C., Mamei, M., Mendula, M., & Picone, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3067447 · Cited by 141

Manufacturing Blockchain of Things for the Configuration of a Data- and Knowledge-Driven Digital Twin Manufacturing Cell

Zhang, C., Zhou, G., Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3005729 · Cited by 140

Blockchain-Enabled Service Optimizations in Supply Chain Digital Twin

Gai, K., Zhang, Y., Meikang Qiu, A., & Thuraisingham, B. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing · doi:10.1109/tsc.2022.3192166 · Cited by 137

Task Offloading for Post-Disaster Rescue in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Networks

Wang, Y., Chen, W., Luan, T. H., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., & Chen, N. (2022) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3140796 · Cited by 136

Eluding Secure Aggregation in Federated Learning via Model Inconsistency

Pasquini, D., Francati, D., & Ateniese, G. (2022) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3548606.3560557 · Cited by 132

ANGEL: An Intelligent Digital Twin Framework for Microgrid Security

Danilczyk, W., Sun, Y. L., & He, H. (2019) · North American Power Symposium (NAPS) · doi:10.1109/naps46351.2019.9000371 · Cited by 127

URLLC Edge Networks With Joint Optimal User Association, Task Offloading and Resource Allocation: A Digital Twin Approach

Huynh, D. V., Nguyen, V., Khosravirad, S. R., Sharma, V., Dobre, O. A., Shin, H., & Duong, T. Q. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2022.3205692 · Cited by 125

Cyber Resilience in Healthcare Digital Twin on Lung Cancer

Zhang, J., Li, L., Lin, G., Da, F., Tai, Y., & Huang, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034324 · Cited by 121

Cooperative Ramp Merging Design and Field Implementation: A Digital Twin Approach Based on Vehicle-to-Cloud Communication

Liao, X., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Han, K., Tiwari, P., Barth, M., & Wu, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3045123 · Cited by 119

Robust Semantic Communications Against Semantic Noise

Hu, Q., Zhang, G., Qin, Z., Cai, Y., Yu, G., & Li, G. Y. (2022) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012843 · Cited by 115

Blockchain-Based Secure Communication of Intelligent Transportation Digital Twins System

Liu, J., Zhang, L., Li, C., Bai, J., Lv, H., & Lv, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3183379 · Cited by 114

Digital Twin for Networking: A Data-Driven Performance Modeling Perspective

Hui, L., Wang, M., Zhang, L., Lu, L., & Cui, Y. (2022) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.119.2200080 · Cited by 109

Semantic Communication for the Internet of Vehicles: A Multiuser Cooperative Approach

Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Qin, Z., Liu, C., & Zhang, P. (2023) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine · doi:10.1109/mvt.2022.3227723 · Cited by 106

A Platform-Free Proof of Federated Learning Consensus Mechanism for Sustainable Blockchains

Wang, Y., Peng, H., Su, Z., Luan, T. H., Benslimane, A., & Wu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3213347 · Cited by 105

Digital Twin Consensus for Blockchain-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart Cities

Liao, S., Wu, J., Bashir, A. K., Yang, W., Li, J., & Tariq, U. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3134002 · Cited by 104

Cooperative Federated Learning and Model Update Verification in Blockchain-Empowered Digital Twin Edge Networks

Jiang, L., Zheng, H., Tian, H., Xie, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3126207 · Cited by 104

Federated Learning With Fair Incentives and Robust Aggregation for UAV-Aided Crowdsensing

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Luan, T. H., Li, R., & Zhang, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3138928 · Cited by 98

A Survey on Trust Models in Heterogeneous Networks

Wang, J., Yan, Z., Wang, H., Li, T., & Pedrycz, W. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3192978 · Cited by 98

Towards situational aware cyber-physical systems: A security-enhancing use case of blockchain-based digital twins

Suhail, S., Malik, S. U. R., Jurdak, R., Hussain, R., Matulevičius, R., & Svetinović, D. (2022) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2022.103699 · Cited by 96

Encrypted Semantic Communication Using Adversarial Training for Privacy Preserving

Luo, X., Chen, Z., Tao, M., & Yang, F. (2023) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3269768 · Cited by 95

Stochastic Digital-Twin Service Demand With Edge Response: An Incentive-Based Congestion Control Approach

Lin, X., Wu, J., Li, J., Yang, W., & Guizani, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3122013 · Cited by 92

Security and Privacy in Vehicular Digital Twin Networks: Challenges and Solutions

He, C., Luan, T. H., Lu, R., Su, Z., & Dong, M. (2022) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.002.2200015 · Cited by 91

Digital Twins for Intelligent Authorization in the B5G-Enabled Smart Grid

López, J., Rubio, J. E., & Alcaraz, C. (2021) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000336 · Cited by 90

On the Design of a Privacy-Preserving Communication Scheme for Cloud-Based Digital Twin Environments Using Blockchain

Son, S., Kwon, D., Lee, J., Yu, S., Jho, N.-S., & Park, Y. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3191414 · Cited by 90

Sealed-Glass Proofs: Using Transparent Enclaves to Prove and Sell Knowledge

Tramèr, F., Zhang, F., Lin, H., Hubaux, J., Juels, A., & Shi, E. (2017) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp.2017.28 · Cited by 88

Toward Smart Manufacturing Using Spiral Digital Twin Framework and Twinchain

Khan, A., Shahid, F., Maple, C. R., Ahmad, A., & Jeon, G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3047840 · Cited by 87

Digital Twin-based Intrusion Detection for Industrial Control Systems

Varghese, S. A., Dehlaghi Ghadim, A., Balador, A., Alimadadi, Z., & Papadimitratos, P. (2022) · 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomworkshops53856.2022.9767492 · Cited by 85

ZeeStar: Private Smart Contracts by Homomorphic Encryption and Zero-knowledge Proofs

Steffen, S., Bichsel, B., Baumgartner, R., & Vechev, M. (2022) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833732 · Cited by 85

Blockchain-Based Secure and Cooperative Private Charging Pile Sharing Services for Vehicular Networks

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Li, J., Zhang, N., Zhang, K., Choo, K. R., & Liu, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3131744 · Cited by 83

A Novel Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles With Smart Communities in Vehicular Networks

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Yang, T., & Zhang, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2923851 · Cited by 82

Unleashing the Digital Twin's Potential for ICS Security

Dietz, M., & Pernul, G. (2020) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msec.2019.2961650 · Cited by 81

ELEGANT: Security of Critical Infrastructures With Digital Twins

Sousa, B., Arieiro, M., Pereira, V., Correia, J., Lourenço, N., & Cruz, T. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100708 · Cited by 79

A Secure Content Caching Scheme for Disaster Backup in Fog Computing Enabled Mobile Social Networks

Su, Z., Xu, Q., Luo, J., Pu, H., Peng, Y., & Lu, R. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2849984 · Cited by 78

Intellectual Property Protection for Deep Learning Models: Taxonomy, Methods, Attacks, and Evaluations

Xue, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3133824 · Cited by 75

DUET: A Framework for Building Interoperable and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities

Raes, L., Michiels, P., Adolphi, T., Tampére, C., Dalianis, A., McAleer, S., & Kogut, P. (2022) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3060962 · Cited by 74

Security in IoT-Enabled Digital Twins of Maritime Transportation Systems

Liu, J., Li, C., Bai, J., Luo, Y., Lv, H., & Lv, Z. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3122566 · Cited by 74

Sustainable Blockchain-Based Digital Twin Management Architecture for IoT Devices

Wang, C., Cai, Z., & Li, Y. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3153653 · Cited by 74

FedTwin: Blockchain-Enabled Adaptive Asynchronous Federated Learning for Digital Twin Networks

Qu, Y., Gao, L., Xiang, Y., Shen, S., & Yu, S. (2022) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.105.2100620 · Cited by 74

Physical Layer Security in Cybertwin-Enabled Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Vehicle Networks

Yin, Z., Cheng, N., Luan, T. H., & Wang, P. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3133574 · Cited by 72

Lifesaving with RescueChain: Energy-Efficient and Partition-Tolerant Blockchain Based Secure Information Sharing for UAV-Aided Disaster Rescue

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., & Luan, T. H. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) · doi:10.1109/infocom42981.2021.9488719 · Cited by 71

Synchronized Provable Data Possession Based on Blockchain for Digital Twin

Li, T., Wang, H., He, D., & Yu, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3144869 · Cited by 68

A Secure and Efficient Wireless Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles in Vehicular Energy Networks

Wang, Y., Luan, T. H., Su, Z., Zhang, N., & Benslimane, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3131776 · Cited by 66

Distributed Incentives for Intelligent Offloading and Resource Allocation in Digital Twin Driven Smart Industry

Peng, K., Huang, H., Bilal, M., & Xu, X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3184070 · Cited by 66

Digital Twins on the Resilience of Supply Chain Under COVID-19 Pandemic

Lv, Z., Qiao, L., Mardani, A., & Lv, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3195903 · Cited by 65

Towards a Decentralized Metaverse: Synchronized Orchestration of Digital Twins and Sub-Metaverses

Hashash, O., Chaccour, C., Saad, W., Sakaguchi, K., & Yu, T. (2023) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279406 · Cited by 63

Challenges and Solutions in Autonomous Driving: A Blockchain Approach

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, K., & Benslimane, A. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.001.1900504 · Cited by 61

Towards Cybersecurity of the Smart Grid Using Digital Twins

Olivares-Rojas, J. C., Reyes‐Archundia, E., Gnecchi, J. A. G., Molina‐Moreno, I., Jacobo, J. C., & Méndez-Pátiño, A. (2021) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3063674 · Cited by 61

SecCDV: A Security Reference Architecture for Cybertwin-Driven 6G V2X

Li, G., Lai, C., Lu, R., & Zheng, D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3133308 · Cited by 61

Dual-Driven Resource Management for Sustainable Computing in the Blockchain-Supported Digital Twin IoT

Wang, D., Li, B., Song, B., Liu, Y., Muhammad, K., & Zhou, X. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3162714 · Cited by 59

Weaponizing Femtocells: The Effect of Rogue Devices on Mobile Telecommunications.

Golde, N., Redon, K., & Borgaonkar, R. (2012) · Network and Distributed System Security Symposium · Cited by 58

IEEE 1451 Smart Sensor Digital Twin Federation for IoT/CPS Research

Song, E. Y., Burns, M., Abhinav, P., & Roth, T. P. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) · doi:10.1109/sas.2019.8706111 · Cited by 57

Digital Twin-Enabled Intelligent DDoS Detection Mechanism for Autonomous Core Networks

Yigit, Y., Bal, B., Karameseoglu, A., Duong, T. Q., & Canberk, B. (2022) · IEEE Communications Standards Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2100022 · Cited by 54

The Paradigm of Digital Twin CommunicationsPreprint

Luan, T. H., Liu, R., Gao, L., Li, R., & Zhou, H. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.07182 · Cited by 53

Decentralized Self-Auditing Scheme With Errors Localization for Multi-Cloud Storage

Su, Y., Li, Y., Yang, B., & Ding, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3075984 · Cited by 50

Toward Digital Twin Oriented Modeling of Complex Networked Systems and Their Dynamics: A Comprehensive Survey

Wen, J., Gabryś, B., & Musiał, K. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3184801 · Cited by 50

Blockchain in Digital Twins-Based Vehicle Management in VANETs

Feng, H., Chen, D., & Lv, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3202439 · Cited by 50

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Probabilistic machine learning based predictive and interpretable digital twin for dynamical systems

Tripura, T., Desai, A. S., Adhikari, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2023) · Computers & Structures · doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2023.107008 · Cited by 47

A novel anomaly detection method for digital twin data using deconvolution operation with attention mechanism

Li, Z., Duan, M., Xiao, B., & Yang, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3231923 · Cited by 45

Digital Twin for Federated Analytics Using a Bayesian Approach

Chen, D., Wang, D., Zhu, Y., & Han, Z. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3098692 · Cited by 44

Eco-Friendly Low Resource Security Surveillance Framework Toward Green AI Digital Twin

Kim, H., & Ben‐Othman, J. (2022) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3218050 · Cited by 44

Information-Centric Networking in Wireless Environments: Security Risks and Challenges

Nour, B., Mastorakis, S., Ullah, R., & Stergiou, N. (2021) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000245 · Cited by 41

Probabilistic machine learning based predictive and interpretable digital twin for dynamical systemsPreprint

Tripura, T., Desai, A., Adhikari, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2022) · Computers & Structures · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.09240 · Cited by 41

Digital Twin Envisioned Secure Air-Ground Integrated Networks: A Blockchain-Based Approach

Dai, M., Wang, T., Li, Y., Wu, Y., Qian, L., & Su, Z. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Magazine · doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2100177 · Cited by 33

BSDP: Blockchain-Based Smart Parking for Digital-Twin Empowered Vehicular Sensing Networks With Privacy Protection

Zhang, C., Zhu, L., & Xu, C. L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3223211 · Cited by 32

Simulation-Based Digital Twin Development for Blockchain Enabled End-to-End Industrial Hemp Supply Chain Risk Management

Wang, K., Xie, W., Wang, B., Pei, J., Wu, W., Baker, M., & Zhou, Q. (2020) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc48552.2020.9384115 · Cited by 30

Securing Deployed Smart Contracts and DeFi With Distributed TEE Cluster

Li, Z., Xiao, B., Guo, S., & Yang, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems · doi:10.1109/tpds.2022.3232548 · Cited by 29

Efficient Authentication for Vehicular Digital Twin Communications

Xu, J., He, C., & Luan, T. H. (2021) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625518 · Cited by 28

Coding of Multi-Source Information Streams With Age of Information Requirements

Pan, H., Liew, S. C., Liang, J., Leung, V. C. M., & Li, J. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3065079 · Cited by 27

Golden Grain: Building a Secure and Decentralized Model Marketplace for MLaaS

Weng, J., Weng, J., Cai, C., Huang, H., & Wang, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2021.3085988 · Cited by 26

Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented CommunicationsPreprint

Gündüz, D., Qin, Z., Aguerri, I. E., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.09353 · Cited by 26

Distributed Resource Optimization With Blockchain Security for Immersive Digital Twin in IIoT

Song, J., Kang, Y., Song, Q., Guo, L., & Jamalipour, A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3224986 · Cited by 25

CommandFence: A Novel Digital-Twin-Based Preventive Framework for Securing Smart Home Systems

Xiao, Y., Jia, Y., Hu, Q., Cheng, X., Gong, B., & Yu, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2022.3184185 · Cited by 24

Intelligent Cache Pollution Attacks Detection for Edge Computing Enabled Mobile Social Networks

Xu, Q., Su, Z., Zhang, K., & Li, P. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tetci.2019.2918573 · Cited by 21

Adaptive Federated Learning and Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of ThingsPreprint

Sun, W. Y., Lei, S., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.13058 · Cited by 19

Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans

Schwartz, M., Geng, Y., Agha, H., Kizhakidathazhath, R., Liu, D., Lenzini, G., & Lagerwall, J. P. F. (2021) · Multifunctional Materials · doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ac0060 · Cited by 18

Edge-Fog-Cloud Secure Storage with Deep-Learning-Assisted Digital Twins

Lv, Z., & Lou, R. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Magazine · doi:10.1109/iotm.002.2100145 · Cited by 16

Blockchains and Provenance: How a Technical System for Tracing Origins, Ownership and Authenticity Can Transform Social Trust

Batista, D. A., Kim, H., Lemieux, V. L., Stančić, H., & Unnithan, C. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54414-0_6 · Cited by 15

Pistis: Issuing Trusted and Authorized Certificates With Distributed Ledger and TEE

Li, Z., Wu, H., Lao, R. L.-H., Guo, S., Yang, Y., & Xiao, B. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems · doi:10.1109/tpds.2021.3121562 · Cited by 13

A Game-Theoretic Approach to Secure Estimation and Control for Cyber-Physical Systems with a Digital Twin

Xu, Z., & Easwaran, A. (2020) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS) · doi:10.1109/iccps48487.2020.00010 · Cited by 12

Secure Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management with Verifiable Digital Twins

Botta, V., Fusco, L., Mondelli, A., & Visconti, I. (2023) · International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT) · doi:10.1145/3582515.3609547 · Cited by 12

Digital Twin of Wireless Systems: Overview, Taxonomy, Challenges, and OpportunitiesPreprint

Khan, L. U., Han, Z., Saad, W., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2202.02559 · Cited by 11

A Lite Distributed Semantic Communication System for Internet of ThingsPreprint

Xie, H., & Qin, Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.11095 · Cited by 9

Collaborative City Digital Twin For Covid-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning SolutionPreprint

Pang, J., Li, J., Xie, Z., Huang, Y., & Cai, Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.02883 · Cited by 9

From Semantic Communication to Semantic-aware Networking: Model, Architecture, and Open ProblemsPreprint

Shi, G., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.15405 · Cited by 9

Cybertwin-enabled 6G Space-air-ground Integrated Networks: Architecture, Open Issue, and ChallengesPreprint

Yin, Z., Luan, T. H., Cheng, N., Hui, Y., & Wang, W. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2204.12153 · Cited by 6

Is Semantic Communications Secure? A Tale of Multi-Domain Adversarial AttacksPreprint

Sagduyu, Y. E., Erpek, T., Ulukuş, Ş., & Yener, A. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.10438 · Cited by 6

Simulation-Based Digital Twin Development for Blockchain Enabled End-to-End Industrial Hemp Supply Chain Risk ManagementPreprint

Wang, K., Xie, W., Wu, W., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.10915 · Cited by 6

Robust Semantic Communications Against Semantic NoisePreprint

Hu, Q., Zhang, G., Qin, Z., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2202.03338 · Cited by 6

Age of Semantics in Cooperative Communications: To Expedite Simulation Towards Real via Offline Reinforcement Learning

Chen, X., Zhao, Z., Mao, S., Wu, C., Zhang, H., & Bennis, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3558747 · Cited by 6

Semantic Communication for Internet of Vehicles: A Multi-User Cooperative ApproachPreprint

Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Qin, Z., Liu, C., & Zhang, P. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.03037 · Cited by 5

Towards a Decentralized Metaverse: Synchronized Orchestration of Digital Twins and Sub-MetaversesPreprint

Hashash, O., Chaccour, C., Saad, W., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.14686 · Cited by 4

Age of Semantics in Cooperative Communications: To Expedite Simulation Towards Real via Offline Reinforcement LearningPreprint

Chen, X., Zhao, Z., Mao, S., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2209.08947 · Cited by 3

Encrypted Semantic Communication Using Adversarial Training for Privacy PreservingPreprint

Luo, X., Chen, Z., Tao, M., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2209.09008 · Cited by 3

Golden Grain: Building a Secure and Decentralized Model Marketplace for MLaaSPreprint

Weng, J., Weng, J., Cai, C., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.06458 · Cited by 1

A Survey on ChatGPT: AI–Generated Contents, Challenges, and Solutions

Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Yan, M., Su, Z., & Luan, T. H. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society · doi:10.1109/ojcs.2023.3300321 · Cited by 436

A Survey on Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of Things: Applications, Technologies and Tools

Xu, H., Wu, J., Pan, Q., Guan, X., & Guizani, M. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3297395 · Cited by 304

The synergistic interplay of artificial intelligence and digital twin in environmentally planning sustainable smart cities: A comprehensive systematic review

Bibri, S. E., Huang, J., Jagatheesaperumal, S. K., & Krogstie, J. (2024) · Environmental Science and Ecotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.ese.2024.100433 · Cited by 292

Modern computing: Vision and challenges

Gill, S. S., Wu, H., Patros, P., Ottaviani, C., Arora, P., Pujol, V. C., Haunschild, D., Parlikad, A. K., Cetinkaya, O., Lutfiyya, H., et al. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2024.100116 · Cited by 197

A review of digital twins and their application in cybersecurity based on artificial intelligence

Homaei, M., Gutiérrez, Ó. M., Núñez, J. C. S., Ávila, M., & Lindo, A. C. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10805-3 · Cited by 202

Secured digital-twin data service for the Internet of smart things

Qian, M., Qian, C., Hussaini, A., Xu, G., Liao, W., & Yu, W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13462-3.00019-4 · Cited by 2

Using Digital Twins to Improve the Security of IoT Systems

Assila, B., David, M., Zouinkhi, A., & Derigent, W. J. E. (2025) · IEEE International Multi-Conference on Smart Systems & Green Process (IMC-SSGP) · doi:10.1109/imc-ssgp67001.2025.11474060

Applications and Challenges Cyber Security in Digital Twin and IoT Environment

Katara, Y. K., Thapar, S., Tiwari, A., Maan, R. S., & Jain, J. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2028-1.ch021

A Comprehensive Survey on Digital Twin: Focusing on Security Threats and Requirements

Mun, H., Han, K., Damiani, E., Yeun, H. K., Kim, T., Martino, L., & Yeun, C. Y. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563621 · Cited by 26

Internet of Things in digital twins

Soares, J., & Martins, R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43896-7.00032-7