The Smart Transformer: A solid-state transformer tailored to provide ancillary services to the distribution grid
Open accessAbstract
The solid-state transformer (SST) was conceived as a replacement for the conventional power transformer, with both lower volume and weight. The smart transformer (ST) is an SST that provides ancillary services to the distribution and transmission grids to optimize their performance. Hence, the focus shifts from hardware advantages to functionalities. One of the most desired functionalities is the dc connectivity to enable a hybrid distribution system. For this reason, the ST architecture shall be composed of at least two power stages. The standard design procedure for this kind of system is to design each power stage for the maximum load. However, this design approach might limit additional services, like the reactive power compensation on the medium voltage (MV) side, and it does not consider the load regulation capability of the ST on the low voltage (LV) side. If the SST is tailored to the services that it shall provide, different stages will have different designs, so that the ST is no longer a mere application of the SST but an entirely new subject.
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MMC requires a bulky DC-side filter that significantly increases overall cost.
“Thus, it requires a bulky filter on the DC side which significantly increases the overall cost of MMC [24].”
From State of the Art of Solid-State Transformers: Advanced Topologies, Implementation Issues, Recent Progress and Improvements (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
The “C. MV side” passage says the MMC requires a bulky DC-side filter compared with the CHB and has high cost. It does not say that the filter itself significantly increases the MMC’s overall cost. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Ferreira Costa, L., De Carne, G., Buticchi, G., & Liserre, M.
- Affiliations
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Power Electronics Magazine
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 56-67
- ISSN
- 2329-9207 (ISSN-L)
- 2329-9215
- OpenAlex
- W2669566973
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- macau.uni-kiel.de
- Locations
- IEEE Power Electronics Magazine (publishedVersion)
- Multimedialen Archiv und Publikationsserver der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) (submittedVersion)
- Multimedialen Archiv und Publikationsserver der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission (2007–2013, FP/2007/2013)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (616344)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced DC-DC Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Keywords
- solid-state transformer, ancillary services, distribution networks, two-stage power converter, reactive power compensation, load regulation, power stage design, medium voltage, low voltage
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