The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ChatGPT: Applications, Opportunities, and Threats
Open accessAbstract
Developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT (Conditional Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is an artificial intelligence technology that is fine-tuned using supervised machine learning and reinforcement learning techniques, allowing a computer to generate natural language conversation fully autonomously. ChatGPT is built on the transformer architecture and trained on millions of conversations from various sources. The system combines the power of pre-trained deep learning models with a programmability layer to provide a strong base for generating natural language conversations. In this study, after reviewing the existing literature, we examine the applications, opportunities, and threats of ChatGPT in 10 main domains, providing detailed examples for the business and industry as well as education. We also conducted an experimental study, checking the effectiveness and comparing the performances of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, and found that the latter performs significantly better. Despite its exceptional ability to generate natural-sounding responses, the authors believe that ChatGPT does not possess the same level of understanding, empathy, and creativity as a human and cannot fully replace them in most situations.
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“Over time, overreliance on generative AI tools for academic tasks, instead of critical thinking and mental exertion, may damage memory retention, cognitive functioning, and critical thinking abilities (Bahrini et al., 2023; Dwivedi et al., 2023).”
From Is it harmful or helpful? Examining the causes and consequences of generative AI usage among university students (2024) · cites this paper as Bahrini et al., 2023
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ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education
Kasneci, E., Seßler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., et al. (2023) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/5er8f · Cited by 7,552
ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., et al. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274 · Cited by 7,326
Kung, T. H., Cheatham, M., Medenilla, A., Sillos, C., De Leon, L., Elepaño, C., Madriaga, M., Aggabao, R., Diaz-Candido, G., Maningo, J., et al. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 · Cited by 4,115
Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings
Akgun, S., & Greenhow, C. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7 · Cited by 1,473 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, introducing AI in education can amplify various forms of inequity, such as racism, sexism, and xenophobia [14,15].”
ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords
Shen, Y., Heacock, L., Elias, J., Hentel, K. D., Reig, B., Shih, G., & Moy, L. (2023) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.230163 · Cited by 1,008
ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health
De Angelis, L., Baglivo, F., Arzilli, G., Privitera, G. P., Ferragina, P., Tozzi, A. E., & Rizzo, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120 · Cited by 708
The Future of AI in Medicine: A Perspective from a Chatbot
King, M. R. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-022-03121-w · Cited by 299
ChatGPT passing USMLE shines a spotlight on the flaws of medical education
Mbakwe, A. B., Lourentzou, I., Celi, L. A., Mechanic, O. J., & Dagan, A. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000205 · Cited by 273
Can ChatGPT pass the life support exams without entering the American heart association course?
Fijačko, N., Gosak, L., Štiglic, G., Picard, C. T., & John Douma, M. (2023) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109732 · Cited by 206
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Science Poetry
Kirmani, A. R. (2023) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02758 · Cited by 124
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Anand, 2022, Success story of openai-the makers of the CHATGPT
- 2023, ChatGPT: A Brief Introduction and Considerations for Academic Integrity
- Hao, 2020, OpenAI has released the largest version yet of its fake-news-spewing AI
- Heaven, 2023, GPT-4 is bigger and better than chatgpt-but Openai won’t say why
- Radford, 2018, Improving language understanding by generative pre-training
- Michels, 2022, Three actions that will help foster diversity, equity and inclusion in any organization
- Dennison, 2021, 4 strategies to become an inclusive leader and foster a diverse culture of high-achievers
- Trust, Editorial: Chatgpt: Challenges, opportunities, and implications for teacher education
- 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 · DOI · Paper page
- Rodriguez, 2023, Which countries will follow after nation’s shock chatgpt ban?
- McCallum, 2023, CHATGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns
- Werb, 2023, Is ai coming for white-collar jobs?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bahroun, Z., Anane, C., Ahmed, V., & Zacca, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151712983 · Cited by 784
Abbas, M., Jam, F. A., & Khan, T. I. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00444-7 · Cited by 531
ChatGPT in education: Methods, potentials, and limitations
Memarian, B., & Doleck, T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100022 · Cited by 266
Yu, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24289 · Cited by 225
RetractedThe Potential and Concerns of Using AI in Scientific Research: ChatGPT Performance Evaluation
Khlaif, Z. N., Mousa, A., Hattab, M. K., Itmazi, J., Hassan, A. A., Sanmugam, M., & Ayyoub, A. (2023) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/47049 · Cited by 205
Metadata
- Authors
- Bahrini, A., Khamoshifar, M., Abbasimehr, H., Riggs, R. J., Esmaeili, M., Majdabadkohne, R. M., & Pasehvar, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Iran University of Science and Technology (IR)
- Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University (IR)
- Alzahra University (IR)
- Universidad Americana (NI)
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Venue
- 2023 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2023-04-27
- Pages
- 274-279
- OpenAlex
- W4378805624
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 53
- FWCI
- 56.87
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, transformer models, natural language generation, conversational AI, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, model performance comparison, business applications, educational software, human-AI comparison
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