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Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin
Open accessAbstract
Bitcoin is the first e-cash system to see widespread adoption. While Bitcoin offers the potential for new types of financial interaction, it has significant limitations regarding privacy. Specifically, because the Bitcoin transaction log is completely public, users' privacy is protected only through the use of pseudonyms. In this paper we propose Zerocoin, a cryptographic extension to Bitcoin that augments the protocol to allow for fully anonymous currency transactions. Our system uses standard cryptographic assumptions and does not introduce new trusted parties or otherwise change the security model of Bitcoin. We detail Zerocoin's cryptographic construction, its integration into Bitcoin, and examine its performance both in terms of computation and impact on the Bitcoin protocol.
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“Mixing protocols such as CoinJoin [70], Ring Signature blockchains like Monero [72] and Zero-Knowledge blockchains like Zerocoin [16], all hinder the token's history, making the owner's addresses uncorrelatable by hiding them in a set of possible owners.”
From Privacy-Preserving Solutions for Blockchain: Review and Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Implementations such as IBM's Identity Mixer [21], [22] or Microsoft's U-Prove [23] have not had the expected adoption rate.”
From A Trusted Approach for Decentralised and Privacy-Preserving Identity Management (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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On the privacy provisions of Bloom filters in lightweight bitcoin clients
Gervais, A., Čapkun, S., Karame, G., & Gruber, D. (2014) · Annual Computer Security Applications Conference · doi:10.1145/2664243.2664267 · Cited by 125
Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies.Preprint
Bonneau, J., Miller, A. E., Clark, J., Narayanan, A., Kroll, J. A., & Felten, E. W. (2015) · IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive · Cited by 122
Metadata
- Authors
- Miers, I., Garman, C., Green, M., & Rubin, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2013-05
- Pages
- 397-411
- ISSN
- 1081-6011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013686672
- Cited by
- 983
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 17
- FWCI
- 37.03
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750, FA8750-11-2-0211)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014)
- Air Force Research Laboratory (FA8750-11-2- 0211.)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
- Keywords
- Bitcoin, e-cash, anonymity, privacy, cryptocurrency, cryptographic constructions, pseudonyms, transaction logs
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