Bitcoin and beyond: a technical survey on decentralized digital currencies
Abstract
Besides attracting a billion dollar economy, Bitcoin revolutionized the field of digital currencies and influenced many adjacent areas. This also induced significant scientific interest. In this survey, we unroll and structure the manyfold results and research directions. We start by introducing the Bitcoin protocol and its building blocks. From there we continue to explore the design space by discussing existing contributions and results. In the process, we deduce the fundamental structures and insights at the core of the Bitcoin protocol and its applications. As we show and discuss, many key ideas are likewise applicable in various other fields, so that their impact reaches far beyond Bitcoin itself.
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Blockchain has proven its efficiency in improving the security of electronic health records sharing in cloud-assisted healthcare.
“In this work, blockchain has proven its efficiency in improving the security of electronic health records (EHRs) sharing in cloud-assisted healthcare.”
From Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey (2020) · cites this paper as [240]
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BackgroundCould Bitcoin transactions be 100x faster?
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Hiding Transaction Amounts and Balances in Bitcoin
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An Analysis of the Bitcoin Electronic Cash System
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Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies.Preprint
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Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things
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“The interested reader can find more information about Bitcoin in [4–6].”
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- Authors
- Tschorsch, F., & Scheuermann, B.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- ORCID
- Tschorsch, Florian
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2084-2123
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2335755599
- Cited by
- 1,690
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 226 · 2020: 305 · 2019: 257 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 376.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Distributed systems and fault tolerance
- Keywords
- Bitcoin, decentralized digital currency, cryptocurrency, Bitcoin protocol, blockchain, peer-to-peer networks, distributed ledger technology
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