Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 853

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Time and Frequency (Time-Domain) Characterization, Estimation, and Prediction of Precision Clocks and Oscillators

Allan, D.W.·1987·IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

Abstract

A tutorial review of some time-domain methods of characterizing the performance of precision clocks and oscillators is presented. Characterizing both the systematic and random deviations is considered. The Allan variance and the modified Allan variance are defined, and methods of utilizing them are presented along with ranges and areas of applicability. The standa,rd deviation is contrasted and shoun not to be. in general. a good measure for precision clocks and oscillators. Once a proper characterization model has been developed, then optimum estimation and prediction techniques can be employed. Some important cases are illustrated. As precision clocks and oscillators become increasingly important in society. communication of their characteristics and specifications among the vendors, manufacturers. design engineers. managers, and metrologists of this equipment becomes increasingI> important.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/t-uffc.1987.26997

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 12 references

Cited by

See all 853

Metadata

Authors
Allan, D. W.
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
Published
1987-11
Volume
34
Issue
6
Pages
647-654
ISSN
0885-3010 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2100846830
Cited by
853
References
12
FWCI
3.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Time and Frequency (Time-Domain) Characterization, Estimation, and Prediction of Precision Clocks and Oscillators. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/t-uffc.1987.26997
The paper
Allan, D. W. (1987). Time and Frequency (Time-Domain) Characterization, Estimation, and Prediction of Precision Clocks and Oscillators. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. https://doi.org/10.1109/t-uffc.1987.26997

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.