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The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil Program
Open accessAbstract
The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) Program was a three-year effort between 2018 and 2021 that developed novel Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) superconductor technologies and then successfully utilized these technologies to design, build, and test a first-in-class, high-field (∼20 T), representative-scale (∼3 m) superconducting toroidal field (TF) coil. The program was executed jointly by the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) and Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) as a technology enabler of the superconducting high-field pathway to fusion energy, and, in particular, as a risk retirement program for the no insulation (NI) TF magnet in the SPARC net-energy fusion tokamak. The TFMC achieved its programmatic goal of experimentally demonstrating a large-scale high-field REBCO magnet, achieving 20.1 T peak field-on-conductor with 40.5 kA of terminal current, 815 kN/m of Lorentz loading on the REBCO stacks, and almost 1 GPa of mechanical stress accommodated by the structural case. Fifteen internal demountable pancake-to-pancake joints operated in the 0.5 to 2.0 nΩ range at 20 K and in magnetic fields up to 12 T. The DC and AC electromagnetic performance of the magnet predicted by new advances in high-fidelity computational models was confirmed in two test campaigns while the parallel, single-pass, pressure-vessel style coolant scheme capable of large heat removal was validated. In the test facility, a feeder system composed of REBCO current leads and cables was experimentally qualified up to 50 kA, and a liquid-free cryocooler-based helium cryogenic system provided 600 W of cooling power at 20 K with mass flow rates up to 70 g/s at a maximum design pressure of 2 MPa for the test campaigns. Finally, the feasibility of using passive, self-protection against a quench in a fusion-scale NI TF coil was experimentally assessed. While the TFMC was intentionally not optimized for quench resiliency – and suffered localized thermal damage in response to an intentional open-circuit quench at 31.5 kA terminal current – the extensive data and validated models that it produced represent a critical step towards this important objective.
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“Within the constituent REBCO tapes, the copper stabilizing layer also serves as a quench protection mechanism by dissipating heat and providing an alternative current path during transient events [26].”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Cu-110 was selected as a benchmark material for its crucial role in REBCO HTS magnets and cables [24, 25].”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“For example, VIPER cables (operating at 20 K) exhibit high cryostability, benefiting from copper specific heats and thermal conductivities.”
From A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hartwig, Z. S., Vieira, R. F., Dunn, D., Golfinopoulos, T., LaBombard, B., Lammi, C. J., Michael, P. C., Agabian, S., Arsenault, D., Barnett, R., Barry, M., Bartoszek, L., Beck, W. K., Bellofatto, D., Brunner, D., Burke, W., Burrows, J., Byford, W., Cauley, C., Chamberlain, S., Chavarria, D., Cheng, J., Chicarello, J., Diep, V., Dombrowski, E., Doody, J., Doos, R., Eberlin, B., Estrada, J., Fry, V., Fulton, M., Garberg, S., Granetz, R., Greenberg, A., Greenwald, M., Heller, S., Hubbard, A. E., Ihloff, E., Irby, J. H., Iverson, M., Jardin, P., Korsun, D., Kuznetsov, S., Lane-Walsh, S., Landry, R., Lations, R., Leccacorvi, R., Levine, M., Mackay, G., Metcalfe, K., Moazeni, K., Mota, J., Mouratidis, T., Mumgaard, R., Muncks, J., Murray, R. A., Nash, D., Nottingham, B., O'Shea, C., Pfeiffer, A. T., Pierson, S. Z., Purdy, C., Radovinsky, A., Ravikumar, D. K., Reyes, V., Riva, N., Rosati, R., Rowell, M., Salazar, E. E., Santoro, F., Sattarov, A., Saunders, W., Schweiger, P., Schweiger, S., Shepard, M., Shiraiwa, S., Silveira, M., Snowman, F., Sorbom, B. N., Stahle, P., Stevens, K., Stillerman, J., Tammana, D., Toland, T. L., Tracey, D., Turcotte, R., Uppalapati, K., Vernacchia, M., Vidal, C., Voirin, E., Warner, A., Watterson, A., Whyte, D. G., Wilcox, S., Wolf, M., Wood, B., Zhou, L., & Zhukovsky, A.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems (United States) (US)
- Bartoszek Engineering, Aurora, IL, USA
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Devens, MA, USA
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- eViorin Engineering Consulting, Batavia, IL, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- ORCID
- Hartwig, Zachary S.
- Vieira, Rui F.
- Golfinopoulos, Theodore
- LaBombard, Brian
- Michael, Philip C.
- Barnett, Raheem
- Bartoszek, Larry
- Brunner, Daniel
- Burke, William
- Chamberlain, Sarah
- Cheng, JL
- Dombrowski, Eric
- Doody, Jeffrey
- Doos, Raouf
- Estrada, Jose
- Fry, Vincent
- Fulton, Matthew
- Granetz, Robert
- Greenwald, Martin
- Hubbard, Amanda E.
- Korsun, Daniel
- Kuznetsov, Sergey
- Lane-Walsh, Stephen
- Lations, Richard
- Levine, Matthew
- Metcalfe, Kristen
- Mouratidis, Theodore
- Mumgaard, Robert
- Muncks, JP
- Murray, Richard A.
- Nash, Daniel
- Pfeiffer, Andrew T.
- Radovinsky, Alexi
- Ravikumar, Dhananjay K.
- Riva, Nicolo
- Salazar, Erica E.
- Santoro, Fernando
- Sattarov, Akhdiyor
- Schweiger, Shane
- Shiraiwa, Syun'ichi
- Sorbom, Brandon N.
- Stillerman, Joshua
- Tammana, Deepthi
- Uppalapati, Kiran
- Vernacchia, Matthew
- Vidal, Christopher
- Voirin, Erik
- Watterson, Amy
- Whyte, Dennis G.
- Wolf, Michael
- Zhou, Lihua
- Zhukovsky, Alex
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 1051-8223 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2515
- 2378-7074
- OpenAlex
- W4388624351
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 53
- FWCI
- 15.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems
- CFS
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Magnetic confinement fusion research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Fusion materials and technologies
- Keywords
- SPARC tokamak, toroidal field coils, REBCO superconductors, high-field superconducting magnets, quench protection, current leads, fusion energy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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