A facility for thermo-mechanical characterization of fusion magnet materials during cryogenic ion irradiation
Open accessAbstract
Commercial fusion power plants demand magnet materials that retain structural integrity and thermal conductivity while operating under neutron bombardment at cryogenic temperatures. Understanding how thermo-mechanical properties evolve under these conditions is crucial for selecting materials with high radiation tolerance and predictable failure mechanisms. Presented here is a facility that combines cryogenic transient grating spectroscopy with simultaneous ion irradiation, enabling in situ measurements of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave (SAW) frequencies, allowing inference of microstructural evolution. Using copper as a benchmark material, an irradiation was performed at 30 K with 12.4 MeV Cu 6 + ions producing a fluence of 1.9 × 10 17 ions m−2. Over the irradiation period, thermal diffusivity nearly halved from an initial value of 1.2 × 10 − 4 m 2 s − 1 while SAW speed did not show significant changes, maintaining a value of 2162 ± 18 m s−1. Given its real-time monitoring capability and the numerous candidate materials that remain under characterized under fusion magnet operating conditions, this facility is poised to deliver new scientific insights into fusion magnet material degradation trends, contributing to improved design criteria and operational certainty for forthcoming fusion power plants.
Verified 2026-10-22 · 1 reference not checked yet
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a new facility that combines cryogenic transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) with simultaneous ion irradiation to measure thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave (SAW) speed in fusion magnet materials. Using Cu-110 as a benchmark, irradiation at 30 K with 12.4 MeV Cu⁶⁺ ions to 1.9 × 10¹⁷ ions/m² (21 mdpa) nearly halved thermal diffusivity while SAW speed remained largely unchanged.
Key findings
- Thermal diffusivity of Cu-110 at 30 K decreased from 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ m²/s before irradiation, nearly halving at 1.35 × 10¹⁷ ions/m² and plateauing at 0.7 ± 0.22 × 10⁻⁴ m²/s.
- At 0.6 × 10¹⁷ ions/m² (6 mdpa), thermal diffusivity had already deteriorated by 17.9 ± 6.75%.
- SAW speed showed no significant change over irradiation: initially 2155 ± 7.2 m/s, reaching an average maximum of 2180 ± 8.0 m/s at 1.4 × 10¹⁷ ions/m², and the abstract reports a maintained value of 2162 ± 18 m/s.
- The facility operates from 30 K to 300 K; heat-load analysis found radiative load dominant (Q_rd = 8.656 W, Q_cd = 0.354 W, Q_H = 9.02 W), with a validation cooldown reaching 24 ± 1 K and 17 K when multilayer insulation was added.
Methods
- TGS used a 532 nm pump laser at 1 kHz and a 577 nm quasi-continuous probe beam, with a true grating spacing of 3.5276 µm calibrated against single-crystal tungsten; signals were averaged over 10,000 pulses and fitted using a two-step Levenberg-Marquardt procedure plus skewed super-Lorentzian FFT fitting for SAW frequency.
- The cryogenic target holder used a CVi CGR409 cryocooler providing 5 W at 17 K, a copper thermal strap, and vacuum in the 10⁻⁴ Pa range; the system reached a base temperature of 30 K with a 3-hour cooldown from room temperature.
- A 13 mm × 15 mm × 2 mm polycrystalline Cu-110 sample was irradiated at 30 K with 12.4 MeV Cu⁶⁺ ions at an average beam current of 0.45 nA for 30 minutes, producing a final fluence of 1.9 × 10¹⁷ ions/m² (21 mdpa), with SRIM used to compute the damage profile.
Limitations
- Stated: TGS absolute calibration can be influenced by beam-spot alignment, surface impurities, and other systematic effects, though relative changes remain detectable.
- Stated: ion beam point heating is not fully captured by nearby temperature probes, and precise accountancy of it is beyond the scope of the work; the analytical heat-load calculation overestimated sample temperature by about 10 K due to room-temperature emissivity and perfect-absorptivity assumptions.
- Evident from the text: the demonstration is limited to one benchmark material (Cu-110) and one irradiation condition, with no direct microstructural characterization; SAW speed changes were below the TGS sensitivity threshold, so elastic property evolution could not be resolved.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
30 of 55 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Among techniques such as in situ TEM or in situ Raman spectroscopy that can provide local structural information during irradiation, TGS is unique in its ability to continuously monitor thermal and elastic properties.
“And amongst techniques such as in situ TEM [9] or in situ Raman spectroscopy [10] that can provide local structural information during irradiation, TGS is unique in its ability to continuously monitor thermal and elastic properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Over time, neutron bombardment degrades fusion magnets' ability to generate the confinement field efficiently, setting the operational lifetime of the FPP and its return on investment.
“Over time, neutron bombardment degrades these magnets' ability to generate the confinement field efficiently, setting the operational lifetime of the FPP itself and its ultimate return on investment [1, 2].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] Nicholls, 2022, Understanding irradiation damage in high-temperature superconductors for fusion reactors using high resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy, Commun. Mater. source
The section discussing neutron exposure (page unavailable) says fusion magnet windings encounter high-energy neutrons and that high fluences severely degrade superconducting properties, although low fluences typically improve critical current density. The paper does not establish that this damage sets a fusion power plant’s operational lifetime or return on investment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [2] Dose, 2021, The lifetime of components in a fusion reactor, Europhys. News source
The walls of a fusion reactor (page unavailable) says neutron-induced damage can limit the lifetime of the whole plant, particularly when it affects parts that cannot be replaced, such as the vacuum vessel. The DEMO fusion plant section links longer component lifetimes to lower costs. Neither passage says neutron bombardment degrades the magnets’ ability to generate the confinement field, or that magnet degradation sets the plant’s lifetime and return on investment. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 3
Cu-110 was selected as a benchmark material for its crucial role in REBCO HTS magnets and cables.
“Cu-110 was selected as a benchmark material for its crucial role in REBCO HTS magnets and cables [24, 25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [24] Brown, 1981, Radiation effects in superconducting fusion-magnet materials, J. Nucl. Mater. source
- cites [25] Hartwig, 2020, VIPER: an industrially scalable high-current high-temperature superconductor cable, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
The Cable design section (page unavailable) describes the copper former as providing structural support, current sharing, and a path for heat to reach the coolant in an HTS cable. The paper does not identify that copper as Cu-110, so it supports the rationale for using copper but not the claim about that specific grade. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Study design and conductcitation§ 2.1. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS · p. 5
Calibration using a {100}-oriented single crystal tungsten reference specimen (SAW speed: 2669.5 m/s) revealed a true grating spacing of 3.5276 μm.
“Calibration using a { 100 } -oriented single crystal tungsten reference specimen (SAW speed: 2669.5 m/s) revealed a true grating spacing of 3.5276 µ m [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Dennett, 2016, Bridging the gap to mesoscale radiation materials science with transient grating spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B source
Section A (Experiment; page unavailable) confirms that a {001}-oriented single-crystal tungsten specimen was used to calibrate the projected grating spacing. It gives the reference SAW speed as 2665.9 m/s, not 2669.5 m/s, and does not report a grating spacing of 3.5276 μm. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 10
The two-step fitting approach improved both thermal and functional fitting sensitivity compared to existing techniques, especially in cases with noisy or rapid signal decay.
“This approach improved both thermal and functional fitting sensitivity compared to existing techniques [16, 31], especially in cases with noisy or rapid signal decay.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] Wylie, 2022, Thermal diffusivity in ion-irradiated single-crystal iron, chromium, vanadium and tungsten measured using transient grating spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys. source
The available passages from our copy are bibliographic metadata (section “2 Finished”) and an access-to-document listing (section “Abstract”); neither discusses fitting methods. Searches for two-step fitting, sensitivity, noisy signals, and rapid decay found no passage addressing the claimed improvement over existing techniques. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] Wylie, 2023, Thermal diffusivity, microstructure and nanohardness of laser-welded proton-irradiated Eurofer97, J. Nucl. Mater. source
The available passage labeled “2 Finished” discusses mapping thermal diffusivity in laser-welded Eurofer97, but does not discuss a two-step fitting approach or compare fitting sensitivity with existing techniques. Searches for thermal and functional fitting sensitivity, noisy signals, and rapid signal decay found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
The expected cumulative radiation dose that REBCO can withstand over its operational lifetime in fusion magnets is greater than 4 mdpa.
“This threshold is especially relevant because it is the expected cumulative radiation dose that rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO)-the primary constituent of hightemperature superconducting (HTS)-can withstand over their operational lifetime in fusion magnets [4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Iliffe, 2021, In − situ measurements of the effect of radiation damage on the superconducting properties of coated conductors, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
The Abstract reports helium-ion irradiation of GdBCO tracks up to 4 mdpa, while §2.2 reports approximately 4.4 mdpa in a separate experiment. Neither passage establishes a dose greater than 4 mdpa that REBCO can withstand over a fusion magnet’s operational lifetime. The Discussion (§4) says further experiments on encapsulated samples are needed to assess implications for real magnets; searches for lifetime and radiation tolerance found no such threshold. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Fusion magnets are typically considered lifetime components due to their prohibitive cost.
“Due to their prohibitive cost, fusion magnets are typically considered lifetime components, i.e., intended to be non-replaceable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] Nicholls, 2022, Understanding irradiation damage in high-temperature superconductors for fusion reactors using high resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy, Commun. Mater. source
The paper’s Abstract discusses superconducting fusion magnets and irradiation damage, and its Conclusions discuss recovery of the magnet material. Neither section says magnets are typically intended to last the reactor’s lifetime or be non-replaceable because of cost. Searches for lifetime, replacement, and prohibitive cost found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [2] Dose, 2021, The lifetime of components in a fusion reactor, Europhys. News source
The walls of a fusion reactor discusses non-substitutable parts such as the vacuum vessel, and The DEMO fusion plant describes replacing plasma-facing components. Searches for magnets, coils, replacement and cost found no passage saying that magnets are intended to last the plant's lifetime or that their cost makes them non-replaceable. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9
Thermal diffusivity decreases as radiation damage accumulates in copper and other mono-atomic metals.
“Consistent with previous high-temperature irradiation studies on copper [35] and other mono-atomic metals [16, 36], thermal diffusivity decreases as radiation damage accumulates (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [35] Ziegler, 2010, SRIM - The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B source
- cites [16] Wylie, 2022, Thermal diffusivity in ion-irradiated single-crystal iron, chromium, vanadium and tungsten measured using transient grating spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys. source
The available copy identifies a study of thermal diffusivity in ion-irradiated iron, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten (title and bibliographic entry, no page given), but contains no results showing that diffusivity decreases as damage accumulates. Searches for dose-related decreases and high-temperature irradiation returned only bibliographic material; the available passages do not address copper either. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [36] Trachanas, 2025, Study of thermal diffusivity degradation on Cu-OFE copper due to proton and self-ion irradiation using in situ transient grating spectroscopy, J. Nucl. Mater. source
- Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12
Previous TGS studies on copper have used SAW speed measurements and theory grounded in the Christoffel equation to deduce stiffness constants in monocrystal samples subjected to irradiation.
“Previous TGS studies on copper have utilized SAW speed measurements and theory grounded in the Christoffel equation to deduce stiffness constants in monocrystal samples subjected to irradiation [15, 31].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Dennett, 2016, Bridging the gap to mesoscale radiation materials science with transient grating spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B source
The Experiment and Experimental Results sections report TGS measurements of SAW speeds in copper single crystals, and Analytical SAW velocity calculation relates predicted speeds to elastic stiffness. But the measured crystals were not reported as irradiated: Materials with defects describes simulations, while the theoretical calculations use reference stiffness constants rather than deducing them from the measured speeds. The copy does not name the Christoffel equation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] Wylie, 2023, Thermal diffusivity, microstructure and nanohardness of laser-welded proton-irradiated Eurofer97, J. Nucl. Mater. source
The indexed copy’s “2 Finished” section lists transient grating spectroscopy as a keyword and discusses thermal diffusivity in Eurofer97, but does not address irradiated copper monocrystals. Searches for Christoffel theory, SAW speed, and stiffness constants found no passage supporting the attributed account of earlier studies. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12
In metals and alloys like Cu-110, irradiation-induced lattice vacancies and interstitials form defect clusters within the microstructure.
“In metals and alloys like Cu-110, irradiation-induced lattice vacancies and interstitials form defect clusters within the microstructure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [45] John, 2025, Fusion magnet quench risk increase with irradiation damage, Nucl. Fusion source
Section 3 (Stored energy release; page unavailable) says Frenkel pairs agglomerate into defect structures, and section 4 (Defect saturation; page unavailable) describes irradiation-produced interstitials, vacancies, and structures remaining in the lattice. The paper discusses copper but does not identify Cu-110 specifically, so the claim's material-specific example is not directly supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [46] Zinkle, 2012, Radiation-induced effects on microstructure source
- Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12
In metals, dislocation loops are the primary mechanism of plastic deformation.
“In metals, dislocation loops are the primary mechanism of plastic deformation, and their creation contributes to radiation hardening, correlating to an increase in material stiffness constants, a decrease in density, and an overall increase in SAW speed [47, 38].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Wu, 2022, Prediction of hardening effect by irradiation-induced vacancy clusters with dislocation dynamics, Int. J. Plast. source
- cites [38] Duthil, 2014, Material properties at low temperature source
Section 4, “Mechanical properties” (p. 12), says dislocations allow crystal planes to slip, producing permanent plastic deformation. It does not identify dislocation loops specifically or say they are the primary mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data§ 2.2. Cryogenic target holder · p. 7
The TGS beam's contribution to bulk sample temperature is negligible compared to the dominant radiative heat load.
“Analytical calculations and experimental cooldown results (detailed in Appendix A) confirm that the TGS beam's contribution to bulk sample temperature is negligible compared to the dominant radiative heat load.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9
At 30 K, the pre-irradiation thermal diffusivity of Cu-110 is 1.2 × 10^-4 m^2/s, about an order of magnitude below values reported for Cu with RRR=30 (~1 × 10^-3 m^2/s).
“At 30 K, the pre-irradiation diffusivity is 1 . 2 × 10 -4 m 2 / s-about an order of magnitude below values reported for Cu with Residual Resisitivty Ratio (RRR)=30 ( ∼ 1 × 10 -3 m 2 / s) [37].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Habainy, 2018, Thermal diffusivity of tungsten irradiated with protons up to 5.8 dpa, J. Nucl. Mater. source
- Findingown data§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 10
Error bars and global trend fluctuations in the data indicate thermal fitting uncertainty in the TGS signals.
“Error bars and global trend fluctuations in the data indicate thermal fitting uncertainty in the TGS signals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16
The analytical calculation overestimates the sample temperature by approximately 10 K.
“Notably, the analytical calculation overestimates the sample temperature by approximately 10 K,.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Appendix A.1. Analytical calculation · p. 14
The calculated sample temperature T_S is 26.64 K.
“Using the SciPy toolkit's Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, this equation was solved numerically for several initial values and consistently produced, T S = 26 . 64 K.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Rests on an assumption: The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
- Findingnone given§ 4. Conclusions · p. 12
The in situ diagnostic system enables characterization of property evolution as it occurs, without intermediate annealing, in the temperature range of 30 to 300 K.
“The in situ diagnostic system enables the characterization of property evolution as it occurs, without intermediate annealing, in the temperature range of 30 to 300 K.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Appendix B.2. Displacements per atom · p. 17
K_SRIM is approximately 0.925 vacancies/Å-ion in the TGS probe depth region.
“where N Cu ≈ 8 . 49 × 10 28 atoms / m 3 represents the atomic density of copper, and K SRIM , which is the sum of primary knock-on atoms ( K PKA ) and recoil atoms ( K recoils ), is approximately 0.925 vacancies/ ˚ A-ion in the TGS probe depth region.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 11
The initial SAW speed is 2155 ± 7.2 m/s.
“Initially, the SAW speed is 2155 ± 7 . 2 m/s”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 11
At an ion fluence of 0.6 × 10^17 ions/m^2, causing approximately 6 mdpa displacement damage, the copper sample's thermal diffusivity at 30 K deteriorates by 17.9 ± 6.75%.
“Concerningly, at ion fluences of just 0 . 6 × 10 17 ions / m 2 causing comparable order-of-magnitude displacement damage (6 mdpa), the copper sample's diffusivity at 30 K deteriorates by 17 . 9 ± 6 . 75%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 11
SAW speed on the TGS spot shows minimal shift over the irradiation period.
“SAW speed on the TGS spot demonstrates minimal shift over the irradiation period.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · p. 12 · plain
“Over the irradiation period, SAW speed remained relatively constant”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · p. 12 · plain
- Findingreasoning§ 4. Conclusions · p. 12
Over the irradiation period, thermal diffusivity nearly halved.
“Over the irradiation period, SAW speed remained relatively constant while thermal diffusivity nearly halved, explained by the defect-induced scattering of conduction electrons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Appendix A.1. Analytical calculation · p. 14
The calculated total heat load Q_H is 9.02 W.
“Plugging back into the heat load expressions, it was determined that Q cd = 0 . 354 W, Q rd = 8 . 656 W, and Q H = 9 . 02 W.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Rests on an assumption: The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
- Findingreasoning§ Appendix A.1. Analytical calculation · p. 14
The calculated conductive heat load Q_cd is 0.354 W.
“Plugging back into the heat load expressions, it was determined that Q cd = 0 . 354 W, Q rd = 8 . 656 W, and Q H = 9 . 02 W.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Rests on an assumption: The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
- Findingown data§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 11
SAW speed remains relatively constant until reaching a fluence of 0.6 × 10^17 ions/m^2.
“and remains relatively constant until reaching a fluence of 0 . 6 × 10 17 ions/m 2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 17
Wrapping the target holder strap in multilayer insulation (MLI) sheath reduced the temperature to 17 K.
“This reduced the temperature to 17 K, confirming the hypothesis that radiative heat is the driving load and increases the base temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Appendix A.1. Analytical calculation · p. 14
The calculated radiative heat load Q_rd is 8.656 W.
“Plugging back into the heat load expressions, it was determined that Q cd = 0 . 354 W, Q rd = 8 . 656 W, and Q H = 9 . 02 W.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Rests on an assumption: The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Only irradiations performed near the operating temperature of the magnet are unambiguous and useful for predicting changes in magnet material properties.
“Therefore, only irradiations performed near the operating temperature of the magnet are unambiguous and, thus, useful for predicting changes in magnet material properties [3].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Devitre, 2024, A facility for cryogenic ion irradiation and in situ characterization of rare-earth barium copper oxide superconducting tapes, Rev. Sci. Instrum. source
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
The temperature at which irradiation occurs influences the resulting defect structures formed in the material.
“Secondly, the temperature at which irradiation occurs influences the resulting defect structures formed in the material.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Fischer, 2025, Influence of irradiation temperature on REBCO tape degradation, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
- Premisecitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9
In metals, point defects act as scattering centers for free electrons, leading to a reduction in electrical conductivity as the density of point defects increases.
“In metals, point defects act as scattering centers for free electrons, leading to a reduction in electrical conductivity, σ , as the density of point defects increases within the crystalline microstructure [40].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Li, 2013, in situ probing of the evolution of irradiation-induced defects in copper, J. Nucl. Mater. source
- Study design and conductnone given§ 1. Introduction · p. 3
The apparatus is constructed specifically for variable-temperature TGS, ranging between 30 K and 300 K.
“This work introduces an apparatus constructed specifically for variable-temperature TGS, ranging between 30 K and 300 K.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9
A reduction in electrical conductivity is directly associated with a decrease in thermal diffusivity.
“Since electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, κ , are interrelated by the Wiedemann-Franz Law, which holds for defected copper [41], a reduction in electrical conductivity is directly associated with a decrease in thermal diffusivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 10
This uncertainty is exacerbated in copper samples due to its high thermal diffusivity, which results in fast decay of the thermal grating and a short signal lifetime.
“This uncertainty is exacerbated in copper samples due to its high thermal diffusivity amongst the metals, which results in fast decay of the thermal grating and a short signal lifetime.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9
The discrepancy between measured and reported diffusivity likely reflects that TGS's absolute calibration can be influenced by beam-spot alignment, surface impurities, and other systematic effects.
“This discrepancy likely reflects how TGS's sensitivity is beneficial for detecting relative changes in diffusivity, whereas its absolute calibration can be influenced by beam-spot alignment, surface impurities, and other systematic effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16
The discrepancy between analytical and experimental sample temperatures is likely due to the use of steel's emissivity at room temperature, which overestimates radiative heat transfer at cryogenic temperatures where metal emissivity typically decreases.
“This discrepancy is likely due to the use of steel's emissivity at room temperature, which overestimates the radiative heat transfer at cryogenic temperatures where metal emissivity typically decreases, as well as the assumption of perfect absorptivity for the target holder, further inflating Q rd and the overall heat load.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Conclusions · p. 12
The near-halving of thermal diffusivity over the irradiation period is explained by defect-induced scattering of conduction electrons.
“Over the irradiation period, SAW speed remained relatively constant while thermal diffusivity nearly halved, explained by the defect-induced scattering of conduction electrons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12
The magnitude of the irradiation-induced microstructural changes in Cu-110 falls below the sensitivity threshold of the TGS probe, making them undetectable.
“However, the magnitude of these microstructural changes falls below the sensitivity threshold of the TGS probe, making them undetectable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16
The assumption of perfect absorptivity for the target holder further inflates Q_rd and the overall heat load.
“This discrepancy is likely due to the use of steel's emissivity at room temperature, which overestimates the radiative heat transfer at cryogenic temperatures where metal emissivity typically decreases, as well as the assumption of perfect absorptivity for the target holder, further inflating Q rd and the overall heat load.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
- May combine two claims. 25
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Short and Dennett et al. introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling, elastic moduli, and thermal diffusivity in single-crystal metals.
“Short and Dennett et al. [13, 7] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single-crystal metals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [13] Short, 2015, Applications of transient grating spectroscopy to radiation materials science, JOM source
- cites [7] Dennett, 2019, Real-time thermomechanical property monitoring during ion beam irradiation using in situ transient grating spectroscopy, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B source
- cites [14] Dennett, 2018, Detecting self-ion irradiation-induced void swelling in pure copper using transient grating spectroscopy, Acta Mater. source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [15] Dennett, 2016, Bridging the gap to mesoscale radiation materials science with transient grating spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.2. Cryogenic target holder · p. 7Localized ion beam heating effects can be consequential, and the temperature rise in the beam spot is not fully captured by nearby temperature probes.
“Localized ion beam heating effects, on the other hand, can be consequential; as is shown in a recent publication [32], the temperature rise in the beam spot is not fully captured by nearby temperature probes and requires alternative means of quantification.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Dennett, 2018, Thermal diffusivity determination using heterodyne phase insensitive transient grating spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys. source
The Introduction discusses laser-induced heating in transient grating spectroscopy and mentions ion irradiation as an application, but it does not address heating by an ion beam. Searches for beam-spot temperature rise and nearby temperature probes found no passage assessing whether probes capture that rise or whether another means of quantification is required (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal, spin, and acoustic transport property evolution in several solid-state materials.
“Separately, prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal [17], spin [18], and acoustic [19, 20] transport property evolution in several solid-state materials [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [17] Pennington, 1993, Dynamics of surface thermal expansion and diffusivity using two-color reflection transient gratings source
- cites [18] Mahmood, 2018, Observation of exciton-exciton interaction mediated valley depolarization in monolayer MoSe2, Nano Lett. source
The paper uses transient spin grating measurements on monolayer MoSe₂ at 4 K and room temperature and reports a temperature-dependent valley depolarization lifetime (pp. 3–4), so it supports an example of cryogenic grating work in a solid-state material. But its discussion on p. 5 says diffusion is negligible and identifies the measured decay as valley depolarization, not a transport property; it does not itself investigate thermal or acoustic transport. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [19] Kim, 2021, Investigation of transport phenomena of thermal acoustic excitations in semi-crystalline and amorphous materials using transient grating spectroscopy source
- cites [20] Huberman, 2019, Observation of second sound in graphite at temperatures above 100 k, Science source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Previously, TGS has been employed in tandem with ion-beam accelerators that emulate neutron irradiation.
“Previously, TGS has been employed in tandem with ion-beam accelerators that emulate neutron irradiation [11, 12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Was, 2014, Emulation of reactor irradiation damage using ion beams, Scr. Mater. source
The paper’s Abstract says ion irradiation can serve as a surrogate for neutron irradiation and describes accelerator-based experiments that emulate reactor damage. It does not say that TGS was employed with an ion-beam accelerator; the characterization passage instead names TEM and atom probe tomography (Abstract; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Hofmann, 2015, Non-contact measurement of thermal diffusivity in ion-implanted nuclear materials, Sci. Rep. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2The relevant literature has primarily focused on the electrical properties of magnet materials, leaving a notable gap in the understanding of thermo-mechanical property evolution under FPP operating conditions.
“The relevant literature has primarily focused on the electrical properties of magnet materials [3, 4, 5], leaving a notable gap in the understanding of thermo-mechanical property evolution under FPP operating conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [3] Devitre, 2024, A facility for cryogenic ion irradiation and in situ characterization of rare-earth barium copper oxide superconducting tapes, Rev. Sci. Instrum. source
- cites [4] Iliffe, 2021, In − situ measurements of the effect of radiation damage on the superconducting properties of coated conductors, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
- cites [5] Fischer, 2018, The effect of fast neutron irradiation on the superconducting properties of REBCO coated conductors with and without artificial pinning centers, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS · p. 3TGS is a non-contact method for characterizing changes in elastic, acoustic, and thermal transport properties, making it a powerful tool for inferring material structure evolution.
“TGS is a non-contact method for characterizing changes in elastic, acoustic, and thermal transport properties, making it a powerful tool for inferring material structure evolution [8].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Hofmann, 2019, Transient grating spectroscopy: an ultrarapid, nondestructive materials evaluation technique, MRS Bull. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9The observed decrease in thermal diffusivity is possibly caused by stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) defects.
“The observed decrease in thermal diffusivity is possibly caused by stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) defects, as suggested by previous room temperature, low dose irradiations [38, 39].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Duthil, 2014, Material properties at low temperature source
Section 2.2.5 (p. 8) explains how thermal diffusivity varies with temperature, but does not address a decrease after irradiation or attribute one to stacking fault tetrahedra. Searches for SFT defects and low-dose, room-temperature irradiation found no passage addressing that proposed cause. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [39] Was, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2TGS is an optical technique that provides rapid diagnoses of thermomechanical properties, is inherently non-destructive, and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage.
“TGS is an optical technique that provides rapid diagnoses of thermomechanical properties, is inherently non-destructive, and operates on the length scales of ion irradiation damage [7, 8].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Dennett, 2019, Real-time thermomechanical property monitoring during ion beam irradiation using in situ transient grating spectroscopy, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B source
- cites [8] Hofmann, 2019, Transient grating spectroscopy: an ultrarapid, nondestructive materials evaluation technique, MRS Bull. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 8The SRIM simulation was conducted following ASTM-recommended settings, including a Cu displacement threshold energy of 30 eV and the Quick Kinchin-Pease damage model.
“Based on the aforementioned parameters and following ASTM-recommended settings, including a Cu displacement threshold energy of 30 eV and the Quick KinchinPease damage model, a SRIM simulation was conducted on a single 3 µ m layer of Cu with 100,000 ions [33, 34].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Devitre, 2025, Beam heating explains critical current suppression measured during ion irradiation of rebco tapes, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
Section 3.3 reports an SRIM-2013 simulation of a model REBCO tape using one million ions, and the Appendix B Figure B2 caption identifies Kinchin–Pease. Our copy does not state that the simulation followed ASTM-recommended settings or used a 30 eV Cu displacement threshold; it also does not describe the cited single 3 µm Cu layer with 100,000 ions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [34] Stoller, 2013, On the use of SRIM for computing radiation damage exposure, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12The creation of dislocation loops contributes to radiation hardening, correlating with an increase in material stiffness constants, a decrease in density, and an overall increase in SAW speed.
“In metals, dislocation loops are the primary mechanism of plastic deformation, and their creation contributes to radiation hardening, correlating to an increase in material stiffness constants, a decrease in density, and an overall increase in SAW speed [47, 38].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Wu, 2022, Prediction of hardening effect by irradiation-induced vacancy clusters with dislocation dynamics, Int. J. Plast. source
- cites [38] Duthil, 2014, Material properties at low temperature source
Section 4 (p. 12) says dislocations enable crystal planes to slip, producing permanent plastic deformation. It does not discuss the creation of dislocation loops, radiation hardening, or a resulting decrease in density and increase in stiffness constants or SAW speed. Section 4.1 (p. 13) attributes a modest increase in elastic modulus to lower temperature, not irradiation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12At cryogenic temperatures below 50 K, defect migration is minimized, so defect clusters are more stable and rarely recombine.
“At cryogenic temperatures below 50 K, defect migration is minimized, meaning clusters are more stable and rarely recombine [45, 46].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [45] John, 2025, Fusion magnet quench risk increase with irradiation damage, Nucl. Fusion source
Section 4 (page unavailable) says decreasing temperature reduces interstitial–vacancy interactions, supporting reduced recombination at lower temperatures. But section 3 says Frenkel pairs anneal below 45 K and complex defect structures anneal above 45 K. The source therefore does not support a blanket claim that defects rarely recombine throughout the range below 50 K. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [46] Zinkle, 2012, Radiation-induced effects on microstructure source
May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 2.2. Cryogenic target holder · p. 7The system achieves a base temperature of 30 K with a cooldown time of 3 hours from room temperature.
“The system achieves a base temperature of 30 K with a cooldown time of 3 hours from room temperature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 8The irradiation produced a total fluence of 1.9 × 10^17 ions/m^2, equivalent to 21 mdpa.
“resulting in a total fluence of 1 . 9 × 10 17 ions/m 2 , equivalent to 21 mdpa (as detailed in Appendix B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 9The TGS thermal probe depth (Λ/π) reaches 1.12 μm where the mean displacement damage is 21 mdpa.
“The illustrated TGS thermal probe depth (Λ /π ) reaches 1.12 µ m where the mean displacement damage is 21 mdpa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Appendix B. Irradiation damage calculation · p. 17During the irradiation experiment, the average beam current was 0.45 nA, making the final fluence 1.9 × 10^17 ions/m^2.
“During the irradiation experiment, the average beam current was 0.45 nA, making the final fluence 1 . 9 × 10 17 ions / m 2 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16Both cooldown curve conditions exhibit similar cooldown rates, reaching a base temperature of 24 ± 1 K.
“As shown in Figure A1a, both curve conditions exhibit similar cooldown rates, reaching a base temperature of 24 ± 1 K.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16The introduction of the ion beam did not significantly perturb the thermal equilibrium, maintaining the temperature around 24 K with minor fluctuations.
“In Figure A1b, the introduction of the ion beam did not significantly perturb the thermal equilibrium, maintaining the temperature around 24 K with minor fluctuations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 12A cryogenic target holder was built and tested where the evolution of fusion magnet materials under irradiation can be assessed via non-contact measurements of thermal diffusivity and SAW speed.
“We have built and tested a cryogenic target holder where the evolution of fusion magnet materials under irradiation can be assessed via non-contact measurements of thermal diffusivity and SAW speed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 11After a fluence of 0.6 × 10^17 ions/m^2, SAW speed rises slightly, reaching an average maximum of 2180 ± 8.0 m/s at a fluence of 1.4 × 10^17 ions/m^2, before restabilizing.
“At this point, a more slight rise initiates, with the SAW speed reaching an average maximum of 2180 ± 8 . 0 m/s at a fluence of 1 . 4 × 10 17 ions/m 2 before restabilizing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ Abstract. · p. 1The facility combines cryogenic transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) with simultaneous ion irradiation, enabling in-situ measurements of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave (SAW) frequency spectra.
“Presented here is a facility that combines cryogenic transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) with simultaneous ion irradiation, enabling in-situ measurements of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave (SAW) frequency spectra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 3Copper cryo-stability is not guaranteed under the effects of irradiation, and copper alloys have demonstrated severe thermal diffusivity degradation and embrittlement post-cryogenic irradiation.
“But these notions of copper cryo-stability are not guaranteed under the effects of irradiation, and copper alloys have demonstrated severe thermal diffusivity degradation and embrittlement post-cryogenic irradiation [27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Fu, 2003, Copper stabilization of YBCO coated conductor for quench protection, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 9Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are interrelated by the Wiedemann-Franz Law, which holds for defected copper.
“Since electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, κ , are interrelated by the Wiedemann-Franz Law, which holds for defected copper [41], a reduction in electrical conductivity is directly associated with a decrease in thermal diffusivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Trachanas, 2023, Thermal diffusivity variation assessment on radio-frequency quadrupole cu-of copper due to proton irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 3Within REBCO tapes, the copper stabilizing layer serves as a quench protection mechanism by dissipating heat and providing an alternative current path during transient events.
“Within the constituent REBCO tapes, the copper stabilizing layer also serves as a quench protection mechanism by dissipating heat and providing an alternative current path during transient events [26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Hartwig, 2024, The SPARC toroidal field model coil program, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ 1. Introduction · p. 2To our knowledge, TGS has never been used at cryogenic temperatures with simultaneous irradiation.
“However, to our knowledge, TGS has never been used at cryogenic temperatures with simultaneous irradiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 2.1. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS · p. 3TGS's sensitivity to micron-scale features makes it particularly well-suited for examining material degradation under ion irradiation, where damage typically manifests at comparable spatial scales.
“Its sensitivity to micron-scale features makes TGS particularly well-suited for examining material degradation under ion irradiation, where damage typically manifests at comparable spatial scales.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 10The number of usable 'peaks' for thermal fitting is significantly reduced in copper, an effect even more pronounced at cryogenic temperatures where the TGS signal decays faster.
“Consequently, the number of usable 'peaks' for thermal fitting is significantly reduced, an effect that is even more pronounced at cryogenic temperatures, where the TGS signal decays faster.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ Appendix B.2. Displacements per atom · p. 17Dose does not equate to damage.
“It should be noted, however, that dose does not equate to damage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone given§ Appendix B.2. Displacements per atom · p. 17Using dpa as a damage metric accounts for the energy of incident ions.
“The principal advantage of using dpa as a damage metric lies in its ability to account for the energy of incident ions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 15Temperature readings were sampled every second using a pre-calibrated LakeShore Cernox 1070 HT temperature sensor.
“Temperature readings were sampled every second using a pre-calibrated LakeShore Cernox 1070 HT temperature sensor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ Appendix A.1. Analytical calculation · p. 14The dominant heat load is radiative, while contributions from conduction, the TGS beam, and the ion beam are comparatively negligible.
“Here, it becomes evident that the dominant heat load is radiative while contributions from conduction, the TGS beam, and the ion beam are comparatively negligible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
- Rests on an assumption: The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 8Alignment of the ion beam and TGS was performed by making the ion beam coincident with the TGS spot.
“The ion beam was then made coincident with the TGS spot, with a horizontal offset made to allow for the vertical height of the clamp.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Elastic property evolution · p. 12Work by Du et al. using EBSD mapping has enabled the prediction of elastic constants in polycrystalline and anisotropic materials via TGS.
“Recently, work by Du et al. [48] using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping has also enabled the prediction of elastic constants in polycrystalline and anisotropic materials via TGS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] Shulman, 1970, Nuclear and space radiation effects on materials
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 17The MLI experiment confirms that radiative heat is the driving load and increases the base temperature.
“This reduced the temperature to 17 K, confirming the hypothesis that radiative heat is the driving load and increases the base temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone given§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 8Self-ion irradiation was chosen to avoid chemical contamination from extraneous ion implantation.
“Self-ion irradiation was chosen to avoid chemical contamination from extraneous ion implantation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisereasoning§ Appendix B.2. Displacements per atom · p. 17Using dpa provides a standardized measure of radiation dose, better comparing results across different studies in literature.
“This provides a standardized measure of radiation dose, better comparing results across different studies in literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Thermal property evolution · p. 11Reasonable radiation operation limits for copper in YBCO HTS magnets are fast neutron fluences up to 2 × 10^21 n/m^2, corresponding to damage levels in the range of mdpa.
“Reasonable radiation operation limits for copper in Yttrium Barium Copper-Oxide (YBCO) HTS magnets are fast neutron fluences up to 2 × 10 21 n / m 2 , corresponding to damage levels in the range of mdpa [43].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Gómez-Ferrer, 2016 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ 2.1. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS · p. 5The final signal used for fitting was averaged over 10,000 pulses, and a no-pump baseline reading was subtracted to minimize inherent system noise.
“The final signal used for fitting was averaged over 10,000 pulses, and a no-pump baseline reading was subtracted to minimize inherent system noise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ Appendix A.2. Validation experiment · p. 16TGS beam heating marginally impacts the cooldown rate, does not affect the final base temperature, and the ion beam interaction remains thermally stable.
“These observations suggest that TGS beam heating marginally impacts the cooldown rate, not affecting the final base temperature, and the ion beam interaction remains thermally stable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ 2.3. Cu-110 irradiation case study · p. 8The beam profile monitor and quadrupole magnet system maintain a Gaussian profile broadened over a 2 mm aperture to produce a spatially uniform beam spot on the sample.
“Upstream from the accelerator beamline, a beam profile monitor and quadrupole magnet system are used to maintain a Gaussian profile broadened over a 2 mm aperture to produce a spatially uniform beam spot on the sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Ion beam point heating does not significantly affect the TGS-measured thermal diffusivity and SAW speed during the 30 K irradiation.
“Localized ion beam heating effects, on the other hand, can be consequential; as is shown in a recent publication [32], the temperature rise in the beam spot is not fully captured by nearby temperature probes and requires alternative means of quantification. However, a precise accountancy of ion beam point heating is beyond the scope of this work.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample temperature during irradiation is accurately represented by the CERNOX sensor located 2 mm from the sample edge.
“Temperature measurements are recorded every second by a CERNOX sensor screwed into the target holder at a distance of 2 mm from the sample edge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Progress toward commercial fusion energy is limited by the radiation tolerance of solid components surrounding the core.
“At present, progress toward commercial fusion energy is limited by the radiation tolerance of solid components surrounding the core.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neutrons born in fusion reactions cause atomic displacements and transmutations in the crystal structure of constituent materials, degrading their properties until components must be replaced.
“Neutrons born in fusion reactions cause atomic displacements and transmutations in the crystal structure of the constituent materials, degrading their properties, until the components must be replaced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TGS enables in situ measurements, unlike traditional ex situ approaches such as nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction, or TEM.
“Unlike traditional ex situ approaches-such as nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction, or TEM-that cannot easily operate in extreme irradiation environments, TGS enables in situ measurements.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The convective heat load is negligible because the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10^-4 Pa.
“For Q cv , the load is assumed to be negligible since the system is in high vacuum on the order of 10 -4 Pa,”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The TGS and ion beam heat loads are perfectly absorbed by the target holder.
“The heat loads of the TGS, Q tgs , and ion beam, Q ion , are characterized based on their respective experimental parameters, with the assumption of perfect absorption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cylindrical vacuum chamber can be approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter.
“The cylindrical vacuum chamber is approximated as a sphere with an equivalent diameter and the emissivity of 316LN stainless steel at room temperature ( ϵ = 0 . 16) is used,”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two different base temperatures are reported for the apparatus
MinorThe apparatus is said to reach a base temperature of 30 K, but the cooldown experiment reports a base temperature of 24 ± 1 K without multilayer insulation. The text does not explain the difference between these reported base temperatures.
“The system achieves a base temperature of 30 K with a cooldown time of 3 hours from room temperature.”
“both curve conditions exhibit similar cooldown rates, reaching a base temperature of 24 ± 1 K.”
Cites
SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)
Ziegler, J. F., Ziegler, M. D., & Biersack, J. P. (2010) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.091 · Cited by 11,412 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Based on the aforementioned parameters and following the ASTM-recommended 30 eV Cu displacement threshold energy of and the quick Kinchin–Pease damage model, a SRIM simulation was conducted on a single 3 µ m layer of Cu at an incidence angle of 45 ◦ with 100 000 ions [34, 35].”
On the use of SRIM for computing radiation damage exposure
Stoller, R. E., Toloczko, M. B., Was, G. S., Certain, A. G., Dwaraknath, S., & Garner, F. A. (2013) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2013.05.008 · Cited by 1,596 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Based on the aforementioned parameters and following the ASTM-recommended 30 eV Cu displacement threshold energy of and the quick Kinchin–Pease damage model, a SRIM simulation was conducted on a single 3 µ m layer of Cu at an incidence angle of 45 ◦ with 100 000 ions [34, 35].”
Knaster, J., Möslang, A., & Muroga, T. (2016) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys3735 · Cited by 557 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…safety and reliability under large cyclic and transient stresses typical of a FPP, (2) assessing these materials’ performance degradation, (3) making data-driven engineering design decisions, and (4) deriving high-level techno-economic metrics to maximize the commercial viability of fusion [6].”
Emulation of reactor irradiation damage using ion beams
Was, G. S., Jiao, Z., Getto, E., Sun, K., Monterrosa, A. M., Maloy, S. A., Anderoglu, O., Sencer, B. H., & Hackett, M. (2014) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.06.003 · Cited by 336 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previously, TGS has been employed in tandem with ion beam accelerators that emulate neutron irradiation [11, 12].”
Observation of second sound in graphite at temperatures above 100 K
Huberman, S., Duncan, R. A., Chen, K., Song, B., Chiloyan, V., Ding, Z., Maznev, A. A., Chen, G., & Nelson, K. A. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav3548 · Cited by 297 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Separately, prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal [17], spin [18], and acoustic [19, 20] transport property evolution in several solid-state materials [21].”
Optical heterodyne detection of laser-induced gratings.
Maznev, A., Nelson, K., & Rogers, J. A. (1998) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.23.001319 · Cited by 289 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this experiment, the intensity of the diffracted probe beam is spatially overlapped with a reference beam reflected from the sample surface and used in a di-homodyne amplification scheme (figure 1( b )) [30].”
Radiation-Induced Effects on Microstructure
Zinkle, S. J. (2012) · Comprehensive Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-056033-5.00003-3 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
VIPER: an industrially scalable high-current high-temperature superconductor cable
Hartwig, Z. S., Vieira, R. F., Sorbom, B. N., Badcock, R. A., Bajko, M., Beck, W. K., Castaldo, B., Craighill, C. L., Davies, M., Estrada, J., et al. (2020) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/abb8c0 · Cited by 268 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cu-110 was selected as a benchmark material for its crucial role in REBCO HTS magnets and cables [25, 26].”
The SPARC toroidal field model coil program
Hartwig, Z. S., Vieira, R. F., Dunn, D., Golfinopoulos, T., LaBombard, B., Lammi, C. J., Michael, P. C., Agabian, S., Arsenault, D., Barnett, R., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2023.3332613 · Cited by 192 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cu-110 was selected as a benchmark material for its crucial role in REBCO HTS magnets and cables [25, 26].”
Transient thermal gratings at surfaces for thermal characterization of bulk materials and thin films
K�ding, O. W., Skurk, H., Maznev, A. A., & Matthias, E. (1995) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/bf01538190 · Cited by 141 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The decay of the thermal grating and SAW propagation is continuously monitored using a probe laser beam dif-fracted from the transient grating [29].”
Fischer, D. X., Prokopec, R., Emhofer, J., & Eisterer, M. (2018) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/aaadf2 · Cited by 138 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The relevant literature has primarily focused on the electrical properties of magnet materials [3–5], leaving a notable gap in the understanding of thermo-mechanical property evolution under FPP operating conditions.”
Concurrent in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope
Hattar, K., Bufford, D. C., & Buller, D. L. (2014) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2014.08.002 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Amongst techniques such as in situ TEM [9] or in situ Raman spectroscopy [10] that can provide local structural information during irradiation, TGS is unique in its ability to continuously monitor thermal and elastic properties.”
Non-Contact Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity in Ion-Implanted Nuclear Materials
Hofmann, F., Mason, D. R., Eliason, J. K., Maznev, A. A., Nelson, K. A., & Dudarev, S. L. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep16042 · Cited by 105 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…the pump beams relative to the sample normal, θ , with the following relationship: where λ is the optical wavelength (m) and L is the TGS thermal investigation depth (m), physically corresponding to the region (from the surface to L ) where most of the thermal diffusivity information is collected.”
Material Properties at Low Temperature
Duthil, P. (2014) · CERN · doi:10.5170/cern-2014-005.77 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 × 10 − 4 m 2 s − 1 -about an order of magnitude below values reported for Cu with residual resisitivty ratio = 30 ( ∼ 1 × 10 − 3 m 2 s − 1 ) [38].”
Transient grating spectroscopy: An ultrarapid, nondestructive materials evaluation technique
Hofmann, F., Short, M. P., & Dennett, C. A. (2019) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/mrs.2019.104 · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“TGS is a non-contact method for characterizing changes in elastic, acoustic, and thermal transport properties, making it a powerful tool for inferring material structure evolution [8].”
Self-citationDennett, C. A., So, K. P., Kushima, A., Buller, D. L., Hattar, K., & Short, M. P. (2018) · Acta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2017.12.007 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationRadiation effects in superconducting fusion-magnet materials
Brown, B. S. (1981) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90411-6 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In most cases, this defect state results in property changes that differ from those caused by low-temperature irradiation [24].”
Thermal diffusivity of tungsten irradiated with protons up to 5.8 dpa
Habainy, J., Dai, Y., Lee, Y., & Iyengar, S. (2018) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.06.041 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with previous high-temperature irradiation studies on copper [36] and other mono-atomic metals [16, 37], thermal diffusivity decreases as radiation damage accumulates (figure 5).”
Mahmood, F., Alpichshev, Z., Lee, Y.-H., Kong, J., & Gedik, N. (2018) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03953 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Separately, prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal [17], spin [18], and acoustic [19, 20] transport property evolution in several solid-state materials [21].”
Thermal diffusivity determination using heterodyne phase insensitive transient grating spectroscopy
Dennett, C. A., & Short, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5026429 · Cited by 50 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Previous TGS studies on copper have utilized SAW speed measurements and theory grounded in the Christoffel equation to deduce stiffness constants in monocrystal samples subjected to irradiation [15, 32].”
Self-citationLow-temperature radiation embrittlement of copper alloys
Fabritsiev, S. A., Pokrovsky, A. S., Zinkle, S. J., & Edwards, D. J. (1996) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(96)00242-5 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“But these notions of copper cryo-stability are not guaranteed under the effects of irradiation, and copper alloys have demonstrated severe thermal diffusivity degradation and embrittlement following cryogenic irradiation [28].”
InfluentialDennett, C. A., Buller, D. L., Hattar, K., & Short, M. P. (2019) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2018.10.025 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationConceptual magnet design study for fusion nuclear science facility
Zhai, Y., Titus, P., Kessel, C., & El-Guebaly, L. (2018) · Fusion Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.06.028 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Reasonable radiation operation limits for copper in yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) HTS magnets are fast neutron fluences up to 2 × 10 21 nm − 2 , corresponding to damage levels in the range of mdpa [44].”
Facile measurement of single-crystal elastic constants from polycrystalline samples
Du, X., & Zhao, J.-C. (2017) · npj Computational Materials · doi:10.1038/s41524-017-0019-x · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, work by Du and Zhao [49] using electron backscatter diffraction mapping has also enabled the prediction of elastic constants in poly-crystalline and anisotropic materials via TGS. Integrating this characterization approach with the presented in situ cryogenic irradiation method would…”
In situ probing of the evolution of irradiation-induced defects in copper
Li, N., Hattar, K., & Misra, A. (2013) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.04.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prediction of hardening effect by irradiation-induced vacancy clusters with dislocation dynamics
Wu, K., Liu, G., Yu, P., Ye, C., Shi, J., & Shen, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Plasticity · doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103160 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nicholls, R. J., Diaz-Moreno, S., Iliffe, W., Linden, Y., Mousavi, T., Aramini, M., Danaie, M., Grovenor, C. R. M., & Speller, S. C. (2022) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-022-00272-0 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The relevant literature has primarily focused on the electrical properties of magnet materials [3–5], leaving a notable gap in the understanding of thermo-mechanical property evolution under FPP operating conditions.”
Miro, S., Bordas, E., Thomé, L., Costantini, J. ‐., Leprêtre, F., Trocellier, P., Serruys, Y., Beck, L., Gosset, D., Verlet, R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.4837 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Amongst techniques such as in situ TEM [9] or in situ Raman spectroscopy [10] that can provide local structural information during irradiation, TGS is unique in its ability to continuously monitor thermal and elastic properties.”
Bridging the gap to mesoscale radiation materials science with transient grating spectroscopy
Dennett, C. A., Cao, P., Ferry, S. E., Vega-Flick, A., Maznev, A. A., Nelson, K. A., Every, A. G., & Short, M. P. (2016) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.94.214106 · Cited by 37 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Calibration using a {100}-oriented single crystal tungsten reference specimen (SAW speed: 2669.5 m s − 1 ) revealed a true grating spacing of 3.5276 µ m [15].”
InfluentialSelf-citationCopper stabilization of YBCO coated conductor for quench protection
Fu, Y., Tsukamoto, O., & Furuse, M. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity · doi:10.1109/tasc.2003.812889 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Within the constituent REBCO tapes, the copper stabilizing layer also serves as a quench protection mechanism by dissipating heat and providing an alternative current path during transient events [27].”
Characterizing microscale energy transport in materials with transient grating spectroscopy
Choudhry, U., Kim, T., Adams, M. C., Ranasinghe, J. C., Yang, R., & Liao, B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0068915 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Separately, prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal [17], spin [18], and acoustic [19, 20] transport property evolution in several solid-state materials [21].”
Iliffe, W., Peng, N., Brittles, G., Bateman, R., Webb, R., Grovenor, C., & Speller, S. (2021) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ac1523 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This threshold is especially relevant because it is the expected cumulative radiation dose that rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO)- the primary constituent of high-temperature superconducting (HTS)-can withstand over their operational lifetime in fusion magnets [4].”
Applications of Transient Grating Spectroscopy to Radiation Materials Science
Short, M. P., Dennett, C. A., Ferry, S. E., Yang, Y., Mishra, V. K., Eliason, J. K., Vega-Flick, A., Maznev, A. A., & Nelson, K. A. (2015) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-015-1496-3 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationWylie, A. P. C., Woller, K. B., Al Dajani, S. A. A., Dacus, B. R., Pickering, E. J., Preuss, M., & Short, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0089048 · Cited by 22 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Dennett et al [7, 13] introduced in situ ion irradiation with TGS to infer bulk property changes as they occur, enabling the quantification of relationships between dose and void swelling [14], elastic moduli [15], and thermal diffusivity [16] in single crystal metals.”
Self-citationThe High Field Path to Practical Fusion Energy
Mumgaard, R., Whyte, D. G., Greenwald, M., et al. (2017) · Bulletin of the American Physical Society · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Devitre, A. R., Fischer, D. X., Woller, K. B., Clark, B. C., Short, M. P., Whyte, D. G., & Hartwig, Z. S. (2024) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0200936 · Cited by 15 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The MIT CLASS accelerator, a 1.7 MV Tandetron with a source of negative ions by cesium sputtering (SNICS), was utilized for the irradiation [3].”
InfluentialSelf-citationInfluence of irradiation temperature on REBCO tape degradation
Fischer, D. X., Devitre, A. R., Woller, K. B., Fisher, Z. L., Whyte, D. G., & Hartwig, Z. S. (2025) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ada112 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“If an irradiation occurs above the migration temperature of a defect, then defects can move about during the irradiation and possibly annihilate or agglomerate [23].”
Self-citationThe thermal conductivity of defected copper at finite temperatures
Ye, X. B., He, Z. H., & Pan, B. C. (2020) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-019-04267-0 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Since electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, κ , are interrelated by the Wiedemann–Franz law, which holds for defected copper [42], a reduction in electrical conductivity is directly associated with a decrease in thermal diffusivity.”
Thermal diffusivity, microstructure and nanohardness of laser-welded proton-irradiated Eurofer97
Wylie, A. P. C., Reza, A., Harrison, G., Taylor, M., Dacus, B. R., Hofmann, F., Short, M. P., Kirk, S., Preuss, M., & Pickering, E. J. (2023) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2023.154661 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Reprinted from [31], Copyright (2023), with permission from Elsevier.”
Self-citationBeam heating explains critical current suppression measured during ion irradiation of REBCO tapes
Devitre, A. R., Fischer, D. X., Riva, N., Rae, M., Kortman, L. D., Woller, K. B., Fisher, Z. L., Short, M. P., Whyte, D. G., & Hartwig, Z. S. (2025) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/ad95c2 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Localized ion beam heating effects, on the other hand, can be consequential; as is shown in a recent publication [33], the temperature rise in the beam spot is not fully captured by nearby temperature probes and requires alternative means of quantification.”
Self-citationTrachanas, E., Wylie, A., Bignami, A., Gazis, N., Short, M. P., Michel, K., Alwmark, C., Gazis, E., Fikioris, G., & Danared, H. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2025.155674 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with previous high-temperature irradiation studies on copper [36] and other mono-atomic metals [16, 37], thermal diffusivity decreases as radiation damage accumulates (figure 5).”
Self-citationFusion magnet quench risk increase with irradiation damage
John, J. M., Gilbert, M. R., & Hardie, C. D. (2025) · Nuclear Fusion · doi:10.1088/1741-4326/adb319 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These initial findings indicate that more comprehensive property evolution studies are necessary to prove existing assumptions regarding cop-per’s cryostability and quench protection candidacy under cryogenic irradiation [45].”
Resistivity Recovery in Fe and FeCr alloys
Gómez-Ferrer, B. (2016) · SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-38857-1 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This raises the possibility of using TGS as a non-contact method for resistivity recovery experiments, which has been one of the workhorses of radiation materials science [43].”
Trachanas, E., Bignami, A., Gazis, N., Wylie, A. P. C., Woller, K. B., Dacus, B. R., Short, M. P., Gazis, E., & Fikioris, G. (2023) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2023.04.002 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In metals, point defects act as scattering centers for free electrons, leading to a reduction in electrical conductivity, σ , as the density of point defects increases within the crystalline microstructure [41].”
Self-citationIn Situ Probing of the Evolution of Irradiation-induced Defects in Copper
Li, N., Hattar, K., & Misra, A. (2015) · Microscopy and Microanalysis · doi:10.1017/s1431927615003013 · Cited by 4
The lifetime of components in a fusion reactor
Dose, G. (2021) · Europhysics News · doi:10.1051/epn/2021503 · Cited by 3 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Over time, neutron bombardment degrades these magnets’ ability to generate the confinement field efficiently, potentially setting the operational lifetime of the FPP itself and its ultimate return on investment [1, 2].”
Pennington, D. M., & Harris, C. B. (1993) · SPIE Proceedings · doi:10.1117/12.147607 · Cited by 2 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Separately, prior art on cryogenic TGS investigated thermal [17], spin [18], and acoustic [19, 20] transport property evolution in several solid-state materials [21].”
Kim, T. (2021) · California Institute of Technology · doi:10.7907/k364-ga14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Was, G. S., Jiao, Z., Getto, E., et al. (2014) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.09.004
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Vasudeva, K., Huberman, S., Wylie, A., Rae, M., Demiane, J., Botica-Artalejo, E., Trachanas, E., Haibeh, J. A., Woller, K., Short, M., et al. (2026) · PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS · doi:10.1103/3pp5-d9db
Self-citation
- Authors
- Aurora, A., Devitre, A. R., Wylie, A. P. C., Rajagopal, J. A., & Short, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Nuclear Fusion
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2025-08-21
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 096028
- ISSN
- 0029-5515 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-4326
- OpenAlex
- W4410289364
- Semantic Scholar
- d475e1dd1c7a8467a03936f637d346364802d89e
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nuclear Fusion (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Fusion materials and technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nuclear Materials and Properties
- Keywords
- transient grating spectroscopy, thermal diffusivity, surface acoustic waves, thermomechanical properties, radiation damage, copper, microstructure evolution, neutron irradiation, radioresistance, fusion reactor materials
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