Simultaneous monitoring of ballistocardiogram and photoplethysmogram using a camera
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We present a noncontact method to measure ballistocardiogram (BCG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) simultaneously using a single camera. The method tracks the motion of facial features to determine displacement BCG, and extracts the corresponding velocity and acceleration BCGs by taking first and second temporal derivatives from the displacement BCG, respectively. The measured BCG waveforms are consistent with those reported in the literature and also with those recorded with an accelerometer-based reference method. The method also tracks PPG based on the reflected light from the same facial region, which makes it possible to track both BCG and PPG with the same optics. We verify the robustness and reproducibility of the noncontact method with a small pilot study with 23 subjects. The presented method is the first demonstration of simultaneous BCG and PPG monitoring without wearing any extra equipment or marker by the subject.
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Numerous other studies that stratify results against Fitzpatrick classification identify the same trend: errors in determining heart rate from wearable PPG devices that use primarily green light are increased in individuals with dark skin tones due to high absorption caused by increased amounts of epidermal melanin.
“In addition to these examples, numerous other studies that stratify results against Fitzpatrick classification identify the same trend; errors in determining heartrate from wearable PPG devices that use primarily green light as their source is increased in individuals with dark skin tones due to the high absorption caused by increased amounts of epidermal melanin [42,43,44,45].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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- [36]Kim CS Ballistocardiogram as Proximal Timing Reference for Pulse Transit Time Measurement: Potential for Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62 11 2657 2664 11 2015 26054058 PMC4626385
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Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring
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- Authors
- Shao, D., Tsow, F., Liu, C., Yang, Y., & Tao, N.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1003-1010
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2531
- PMC
- PMC5523454
- OpenAlex
- W2461101863
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21327902)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (1U01EB021980)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- ballistocardiography, photoplethysmogram, camera-based measurement, facial feature tracking, reflected light
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Ballistocardiography, Blood Volume, Face, Heart, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Photography, Sensitivity and Specificity, Video Recording, Reproducibility of Results, Photoplethysmography, Monitoring, Ambulatory
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