Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption
Abstract
Over the past years, an enormous variety of different chaos-based image and video encryption algorithms have been proposed and published. While any algorithm published undergoes some more or less strict experimental security analysis, many of those schemes are being broken in subsequent publications. In this paper, we show that two main motivations for preferring chaos-based image encryption over classical strong cryptographic encryption, namely computational effort and security benefits, are highly questionable. We demonstrate that several statistical tests, commonly used to assess the security of chaos-based encryption schemes, are insufficient metrics for security analysis. We do this experimentally by constructing obviously insecure encryption schemes and demonstrating that they perform well and/or pass several of these tests. In conclusion, these tests can only give a necessary, but by no means a sufficient condition for security. As a consequence of this paper, several security analyses in related work are questionable; further, methodologies for the security assessment for chaos based encryption schemes need to be entirely reconsidered.
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The security assessment metrics used in chaotic cryptography are far ineffective for security analysis.
“Considering the quantitative test results of the four special schemes on the metrics, it is concluded that the metrics are far ineffective for security analysis”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
In [116], four obviously insecure encryption schemes were constructed to question the credibility of widely used security assessment metrics in chaotic cryptography.
“In [116], four obviously insecure encryption schemes are subtly constructed to question credibility of the security assessment metrics used in the field of chaotic cryptography widely”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
The most striking image cryptanalysis work in 2018 is [116], which refutes any superiority of chaos-based encryption schemes over several variants of AES in computational effort and security performance.
“Among them, the most striking work is depreciating motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes in [116], refuting any superiority of chaos-based encryption schemes than several variants of AES in terms of computational effort and security performance”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
The security assessment metrics used in most chaos-based image encryption schemes are unconvincing.
“As shown in [116,117], the security assessment metrics used in most chaos-based image encryption schemes are unconvincing.”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
The security test metrics are widely misused in image encryption schemes.
“The security test metrics are widely misused.”
From When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
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- Authors
- Preishuber, M., Hutter, T., Katzenbeisser, S., & Uhl, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2137-2150
- ISSN
- 1556-6013 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6021
- OpenAlex
- W2790225553
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 15.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P27776)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Keywords
- chaos-based cryptography, image encryption, video encryption, randomness testing, security analysis, cryptanalysis, security metrics, computational effort
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