Drynx: Decentralized, Secure, Verifiable System for Statistical Queries and Machine Learning on Distributed Datasets
Open accessAbstract
Data sharing has become of primary importance in many domains such as big-data analytics, economics and medical research, but remains difficult to achieve when the data are sensitive. In fact, sharing personal information requires individuals’ unconditional consent or is often simply forbidden for privacy and security reasons. In this paper, we propose Drynx, a decentralized system for privacy-conscious statistical analysis on distributed datasets. Drynx relies on a set of computing nodes to enable the computation of statistics such as standard deviation or extrema, and the training and evaluation of machine-learning models on sensitive and distributed data. To ensure data confidentiality and the privacy of the data providers, Drynx combines interactive protocols, homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs of correctness, and differential privacy. It enables an efficient and decentralized verification of the input data and of all the system’s computations thus provides auditability in a strong adversarial model in which no entity has to be individually trusted. Drynx is highly modular, dynamic and parallelizable. Our evaluation shows that it enables the training of a logistic regression model on a dataset (12 features and 600,000 records) distributed among 12 data providers in less than 2 seconds. The computations are distributed among 6 computing nodes, and Drynx enables the verification of the query execution’s correctness in less than 22 seconds.
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Many state-of-the-art byzantine-robust aggregations rely on assumptions that are either unrealistic or do not hold in FL environments.
“Many of the state-of-the-art byzantine-robust aggregations rely on assumptions that are either unrealistic or do not hold in FL environments [18].”
From Vulnerabilities in federated learning (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Nikam, R. R., & Shahapurkar, R. (2021) · Advances in parallel computing · doi:10.3233/apc210221 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
HEND-FL: Accurate Federated Learning Using Homomorphic Encryption and a New Distributed Protocol
Zhou, D., Chen, Z., Wu, D., Yu, Y., Gan, Q., & Xu, B. (2022) · IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) · doi:10.1109/dasc/picom/cbdcom/cy55231.2022.9928012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Privacy-protected aggregation in federated learning based on semi-homomorphic encryption
Lin, H., Chen, C., & Hu, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Automation and High Performance Computing (AIAHPC) · doi:10.1117/12.2685483 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Combination of AI, Blockchain, and the Internet of Things for Patient Relationship Management
Nacer, M. I., Prakoonwit, S., & Alarab, I. (2021) · International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70478-0_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Secure Data Aggregation in Federated Learning
Yu, S., & Cui, L. (2022) · Digital Privacy and Security · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8692-5_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CanDIG: Secure Federated Genomic Queries and Analyses Across JurisdictionsPreprint
Dursi, L. J., Bozóky, Z., de Borja, R., Li, J., Bujold, D., Lipski, A., Rashid, S. F., Sethi, A., Memon, N., Naidoo, D., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.434101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
2020 Index IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security Vol. 15
(2020) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3053735 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Homomorphic encryption-based ciphertext anomaly detection method for e-health records
李, 腾., 方, 保., 马, 卓., 沈, 玉., & 马, 建. (2022) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/ssi-2022-0214 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Zhang, J., Dong, X., Wang, A., Wang, X., & Zhu, L. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3608005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., & Choo, K. R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628257 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Troncoso-Pastoriza, J. R., Froelicher, D., Hu, P., Aloufi, A., & Hubaux, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77287-1_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationHomomorphic Encryption-Friendly Privacy-Preserving Partitioning Algorithm for Differential Privacy
Ushiyama, S., Takahashi, T., Kudo, M., & Yamana, H. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020699 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research progress of verifiable technologies for outsourcing services
Yi, S. U. N., Fan, Y. A. N. G., Xingyuan, C. H. E. N., Du, X., & Wei, L. I. N. (2023) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/ssi-2022-0360 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PRIDA: PRIvacy-Preserving Data Aggregation with Multiple Data Customers
Bozdemir, B., Özdemir, B. A., & Önen, M. (2024) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65175-5_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Succinct Hash-Based Arbitrary-Range Proofs
Li, W., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Chow, S. S. M., & Wan, Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3497806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Privacy-Preserving Ridge Regression Over Encrypted Data Under Multiple Keys
Li, Y., 赖俊祚, Sun, M., Song, B., & Deng, R. H. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3554563 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Poisoning Attacks and Counterattacks in Federated Learning
Yu, S., & Cui, L. (2022) · Digital Privacy and Security · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8692-5_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Distributed Computing Solution for Privacy-Preserving Genome-Wide Association StudiesPreprint
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Nguyen, T., Asghar, H. J., Bhakar, R., Kaafar, D., & Farokhi, F. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.09904
Edgelet computing: enabling privacy-preserving decentralized data processing at the network edge
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Hosen, M. N., Billah, M. M., & Uddin, R. (2024) · European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences · doi:10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(5).64
Exploiting Trusted Execution Environments and Distributed Computation for Genomic Association Tests
Brito, C. V., Ferreira, P. G., & Paulo, J. T. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3562364
Advancements in Privacy-Preserving Techniques for Patient Data Protection
Mohile, K. (2025) · Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies · doi:10.32996/jcsts.2025.7.3.64
Federated Learning Privacy-preserving Scheme Based on DMK-CKKS
Zhao, Y., Li, H., Wang, W., Liu, Y., & Zou, C. (2025) · International Seminar on Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Information Technology (AINIT) · doi:10.1109/ainit65432.2025.11035269
Revisiting Module Lattice-based Homomorphic Encryption and Application to Secure-MPC
Mukherjee, A., & Roy, S. S. (2025) · IACR Communications in Cryptology · doi:10.62056/ay7qjp10
Safavi, S., Abdulnabi, M. S. H., & Alizadeh, S. (2025) · International Conference on Metaverse and Current Trends in Computing (ICMCTC) · doi:10.1109/icmctc62214.2025.11196213
SoK: Enhancing Cryptographic Collaborative Learning with Differential Privacy
Capano, F., Böhler, J., & Weggenmann, B. (2026) · IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning (SaTML) · doi:10.1109/satml68715.2026.00057
- Authors
- Froelicher, D., Troncoso-Pastoriza, J. R., Sousa, J. S., & Hubaux, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 3035-3050
- ISSN
- 1556-6013 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6021
- OpenAlex
- W2934042028
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Strategic Focal Area Personalized Health and Related Technologies (PHRT) of the ETH Domain (2017-201)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cloud Data Security Solutions
- Keywords
- privacy-preserving data sharing, decentralized computing, distributed datasets, homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, differential privacy, interactive protocols, verifiable computation, auditability, statistical queries, data confidentiality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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