The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
PCANet: A Simple Deep Learning Baseline for Image Classification?
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, we propose a very simple deep learning network for image classification that is based on very basic data processing components: 1) cascaded principal component analysis (PCA); 2) binary hashing; and 3) blockwise histograms. In the proposed architecture, the PCA is employed to learn multistage filter banks. This is followed by simple binary hashing and block histograms for indexing and pooling. This architecture is thus called the PCA network (PCANet) and can be extremely easily and efficiently designed and learned. For comparison and to provide a better understanding, we also introduce and study two simple variations of PCANet: 1) RandNet and 2) LDANet. They share the same topology as PCANet, but their cascaded filters are either randomly selected or learned from linear discriminant analysis. We have extensively tested these basic networks on many benchmark visual data sets for different tasks, including Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) for face verification; the MultiPIE, Extended Yale B, AR, Facial Recognition Technology (FERET) data sets for face recognition; and MNIST for hand-written digit recognition. Surprisingly, for all tasks, such a seemingly naive PCANet model is on par with the state-of-the-art features either prefixed, highly hand-crafted, or carefully learned [by deep neural networks (DNNs)]. Even more surprisingly, the model sets new records for many classification tasks on the Extended Yale B, AR, and FERET data sets and on MNIST variations. Additional experiments on other public data sets also demonstrate the potential of PCANet to serve as a simple but highly competitive baseline for texture classification and object recognition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition
Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., & Haffner, P. (1998) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.726791 · Cited by 58,805
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
Lowe, D. G. (2004) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/b:visi.0000029664.99615.94 · Cited by 55,589
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005) · 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.177 · Cited by 33,584
The pascal visual object classes (VOC) challenge
Everingham, M., Van Gool, L., Williams, C. K. I., Winn, J., & Zisserman, A. (2010) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4 · Cited by 19,599
A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets
Hinton, G. E., Osindero, S., & Teh, Y.-W. (2006) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527 · Cited by 16,336
Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., & Ponce, J. (2006) · 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2 (CVPR'06) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.68 · Cited by 7,916
Practical Bayesian Optimization of Machine Learning Algorithms
Snoek, J., Larochelle, H., & Adams, R. P. (2012) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1206.2944 · Cited by 6,691
What is the best multi-stage architecture for object recognition?
Jarrett, K., Kavukcuoglu, K., Ranzato, M. A., & LeCun, Y. (2009) · 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/iccv.2009.5459469 · Cited by 2,153
Gross, R., Matthews, I., Cohn, J., Kanade, T., & Baker, S. (2008) · 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813399 · Cited by 373
Cited by
DehazeNet: An End-to-End System for Single Image Haze Removal
Cai, B., Xu, X., Jia, K., Qing, C., & Tao, D. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2016.2598681 · Cited by 3,367
Self-citationRemote Sensing Image Scene Classification: Benchmark and State of the Art
Cheng, G., Han, J., & Lu, X. (2017) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2017.2675998 · Cited by 2,926
Explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive review
Minh, D., Wang, H. X., Li, Y. F., & Nguyen, T. N. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-021-10088-y · Cited by 983
Deep learning in medical image registration: a survey
Haskins, G., Kruger, U., & Yan, P. (2020) · Machine Vision and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00138-020-01060-x · Cited by 704
Ball, J. E., Anderson, D. T., & Chan, C. S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Remote Sensing · doi:10.1117/1.jrs.11.042609 · Cited by 746
Metadata
- Authors
- Chan, T.-H., Jia, K., Gao, S., Lu, J., Zeng, Z., & Ma, Y.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5017-5032
- ISSN
- 1057-7149 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0042
- OpenAlex
- W1616262590
- Cited by
- 1,362
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 97.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: PCANet: A Simple Deep Learning Baseline for Image Classification? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tip.2015.2475625
- The paper
- Chan, T.-H., Jia, K., Gao, S., Lu, J., Zeng, Z., & Ma, Y. (2015). PCANet: A Simple Deep Learning Baseline for Image Classification? IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2475625
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
