Comprehensive survey of deep learning in remote sensing: theories, tools, and challenges for the community
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, deep learning (DL), a rebranding of neural networks (NNs), has risen to the top in numerous areas, namely computer vision (CV), speech recognition, and natural language processing. Whereas remote sensing (RS) possesses a number of unique challenges, primarily related to sensors and applications, inevitably RS draws from many of the same theories as CV, e.g., statistics, fusion, and machine learning, to name a few. This means that the RS community should not only be aware of advancements such as DL, but also be leading researchers in this area. Herein, we provide the most comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art RS DL research. We also review recent new developments in the DL field that can be used in DL for RS. Namely, we focus on theories, tools, and challenges for the RS community. Specifically, we focus on unsolved challenges and opportunities as they relate to (i) inadequate data sets, (ii) human-understandable solutions for modeling physical phenomena, (iii) big data, (iv) nontraditional heterogeneous data sources, (v) DL architectures and learning algorithms for spectral, spatial, and temporal data, (vi) transfer learning, (vii) an improved theoretical understanding of DL systems, (viii) high barriers to entry, and (ix) training and optimizing the DL.
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The first DL-related special issue appeared in the SPIE Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, followed by the 'Deep Learning for Remotely Sensed Data' special issue of the ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in 2018.
“Another notable finding was that the first DL-related special issue appeared in the SPIE Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (Ball et al., 2017), followed by the “Deep Learning for Remotely Sensed Data” special issue of the ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in 2018.”
From Deep learning in remote sensing applications: A meta-analysis and review (2019) · cites this paper as Ball et al., 2017
The paper’s journal footer (Vol. 11, no. 4, 2017; reproduced under Conclusions) establishes that this deep-learning survey appeared in the Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. Our copy does not establish that it appeared in a special issue or that the issue was the first DL-related one (searched: “special issue” and “special section”). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“DL ability to learn from data and understand highly nonlinear behavior shows much promise in this area of RS. Chen et al.213 use DBNs for drought prediction.”
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- John E. Ball is an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at Mississippi State University (MSU), USA. He received his PhD from MSU in 2007. He is a codirector of the Sensor Analysis and Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) at MSU. He has authored more than 45 articles, and 22 technical and reports. His research interests are deep learning, remote sensing, and signal/image processing. He is an associate editor for the SPIE Journal of Applied Remote Sensing.
- Ball, Anderson, and Chan: Comprehensive survey of deep learning in remote sensing: theories. . . Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 042609-53 Oct-Dec 2017 • Vol. 11(4) Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Applied-Remote-Sensing on 21 Jul 2023 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use
- Derek T. Anderson received his PhD from the University of Missouri in 2010. He is an asso- ciate professor and the Robert D. Guyton Chair in ECE at Mississippi State University, with the Naval Research Laboratory, and codirects the Sensor Analysis and Intelligence Laboratory. His research includes data/information fusion for machine learning and automated decision making in computer vision. He has published more than 110 articles, and he is an AE for IEEE TFS and program cochair of FUZZ-IEEE 2019.
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- Authors
- Ball, J. E., Anderson, D. T., & Chan, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Mississippi State University (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- ORCID
- Ball, John E.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2017-09-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 1-54
- ISSN
- 1931-3195 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2751694392
- Cited by
- 746
- References
- 289
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 34
- FWCI
- 49.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Remote-Sensing Image Classification
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Remote Sensing and Land Use
- Keywords
- deep learning, remote sensing, artificial neural networks, heterogeneous data sources, transfer learning, big data, physical modeling, barriers to entry
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