A Quantum Cryptographic Protocol for Secure Vehicular Communication
Abstract
In foggy highways, the secure vehicular communication system can be very important in preventing traffic chaos, congestion, and accident; however, potential attackers may hack this system that can create many problems in controlling or managing the traffic. In this paper, we propose a quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication for foggy highways, which is unconditionally secure against outside and participant attacks. The outside attacks include intercept, intercept-resend, entangle-measure, man-in-the-middle, collective, Trojan horse, and coherent attacks; whereas, the participant attacks include the collusion, forgery, and collision attacks. In this protocol, the traffic control system broadcasts the information regularly so that the vehicles can take appropriate action and avoid traffic chaos, congestion, and accidents. This protocol can be used on busy and foggy highways such as the interstate-75 highway in the United States, M4 motorway in England, Tohoku Expressway in Japan, and Yamuna Expressway in India to prevent vehicle collisions. Quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication is important because they provide a highly secure method of communication that is immune to eavesdropping and interception. The motivation for developing the quantum cryptographic protocol for secure vehicular communication comes from the growing need for secure communication in the digital age.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Quantum computing undermines traditional cryptographic systems such as ECC and RSA.
“The widely recognized cryptosystem undermines traditional cryptographic systems such as ECC and RSA, creating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).”
From Post-Quantum Weighted Anonymous Authentication for Hybrid VANET MAC Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
Shamir, A. (1979) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359168.359176 · Cited by 13,756 · see citing works
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition
Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2012) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976667 · Cited by 8,436 · see citing works
Simple Proof of Security of the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Protocol
Shor, P. W., & Preskill, J. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.441 · Cited by 3,047 · see citing works
GSIS: A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Vehicular Communications
Lin, X., Sun, X., Ho, P., & Shen, X. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2007.906878 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
He, D., Zeadally, S., Xu, B., & Huang, X. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2015.2473820 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Research advances in intelligent collision avoidance and adaptive cruise control
Vahidi, A., & Eskandarian, A. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2003.821292 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Challenges of Intervehicle Ad Hoc Networks
Blum, J. J., Eskandarian, A., & Hoffman, L. J. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2004.838218 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles
Eskandarian, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-085-4 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Research Advances and Challenges of Autonomous and Connected Ground Vehicles
Eskandarian, A., Wu, C., & Sun, C. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2958352 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
An Identity-Based Security System for User Privacy in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Sun, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., & Fang, Y. M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems · doi:10.1109/tpds.2010.14 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Lo, N., & Tsai, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2015.2502322 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Enhancing Security and Privacy for Identity-Based Batch Verification Scheme in VANETs
Tzeng, S., Horng, S., Li, T., Wang, X., Huang, P.-H., & Khan, M. K. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2015.2406877 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
An Efficient Anonymous Batch Authentication Scheme Based on HMAC for VANETs
Jiang, S., Zhu, X., & Wang, L. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2517603 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
SPACF: A Secure Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANET With Cuckoo Filter
Cui, J., Zhang, J., Zhong, H., & Xu, Y. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2017.2718101 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
2FLIP: A Two-Factor Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANET
Wang, F., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, L. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2015.2402166 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Message Authentication Using Proxy Vehicles in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, H. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2358633 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The threat of intelligent collisions
Blum, J. J., & Eskandarian, A. (2004) · IT Professional · doi:10.1109/mitp.2004.1265539 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Yu, R., Kang, J., Huang, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., & Gjessing, S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2015.2399291 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Security of vehicular ad-hoc networks: A comprehensive survey
Malhi, A. K., Batra, S., & Pannu, H. S. (2019) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2019.101664 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Hu, C., Wu, Q., Domingo‐Ferrer, J., & Qin, B. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.2015.2485225 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A Reliable Link-Layer Protocol for Robust and Scalable Intervehicle Communications
Blum, J. J., & Eskandarian, A. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2006.889441 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ghorai, P., Eskandarian, A., Kim, Y.-K., & Mehr, G. (2022) · IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print) · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3160932 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Trust Management Scheme Based on Hybrid Cryptography for Secure Communications in VANETs
Tangade, S., Manvi, S. S., & Lorenz, P. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2981127 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Khodaei, M., Jin, H., & Papadimitratos, P. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2722688 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
OTIBAAGKA: A New Security Tool for Cryptographic Mix-Zone Establishment in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Zhang, L. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2730479 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Privacy-Preserving Cloud Establishment and Data Dissemination Scheme for Vehicular Cloud
Zhang, L., Men, X., Choo, K. R., Zhang, Y., & Dai, F. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2018.2797190 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Efficient quantum secret sharing without a trusted player
Sutradhar, K., & Om, H. (2020) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-019-2571-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationPrivacy-Preserving Certificate Linkage/Revocation in VANETs Without Linkage Authorities
Junior, M. A. S., Cominetti, E. L., Patil, H. K., Ricardini, J. E., Ferraz, L. T. D., & da Silva, M. V. M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2020.2981907 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Avoiding Timeslot Boundary Synchronization for Multihop Message Broadcast in Vehicular Networks
Blum, J. J., & Eskandarian, A. (2009) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073415 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
PUF-Based Post-Quantum CAN-FD Framework for Vehicular Security
Cultice, T., & Thapliyal, H. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13080382 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Steering control collision avoidance system and verification through subject study
Soudbakhsh, D., & Eskandarian, A. (2015) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/iet-its.2014.0259 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mehr, G., & Eskandarian, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3087578 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cooperative Location-Sensing Network Based on Vehicular Communication Security Against Attacks
Wang, Z., Wang, S., Bhuiyan, M. Z. A., Xu, J., & Hu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3160453 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Improve the reliability of 6G vehicular communication through skip network coding
Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Dong, P., Du, X., Qiao, W., & Guizani, M. (2021) · Vehicular Communications · doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2021.100400 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fuzzy Logic Control for active suspension of a Non-Linear Full-Vehicle Model
Laoufi, M., & Eskandarian, A. (2009) · IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium · doi:10.1109/ivs.2009.5164358 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Subscription-Period-Aware Key Management for Secure Vehicular Multicast Communications
Je, D.-H., Choi, Y.-H., & Seo, S. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2013.2284342 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fast, robust message forwarding for inter-vehicle communication netw
Blum, J. J., & Eskandarian, A. (2006) · IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc.2006.1707422 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influence of preview uncertainties in the preview control of vehicle suspensions
Vahidi, A., & Eskandarian, A. (2002) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part K Journal of Multi-body Dynamics · doi:10.1243/146441902320992383 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ghorai, P., & Eskandarian, A. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294180 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Performance Analysis of Post-Quantum Cryptography for Vehicular CommunicationsPreprint
Chen, A. C. H. (2022) · doi:10.31224/2633 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Synchronization challenges in media access coordination for vehicularad hocnetworks
Blum, J. J., Natarajan, R., & Eskandarian, A. (2010) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1002/wcm.921 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Predictive Frontal and Oblique Collision Mitigation System for Autonomous Vehicles
Sun, C., & Eskandarian, A. (2021) · ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control · doi:10.1115/1.4050502 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Measuring speed behaviors for future intelligent, adaptive in-vehicle speed management systems
Delaigue, P., Eskandarian, A., Soudbakhsh, D., et al. (2008) · IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium · doi:10.1109/ivs.2008.4621160 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Khattar, V., & Eskandarian, A. (2020) · doi:10.1115/imece2020-24636 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Major Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Finite Element Simulations of Vehicle Crashes
Omar, T. A., Kan, C. D., Bedewi, N. E., et al. (1999) · doi:10.1115/imece1999-0942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Post-Quantum Weighted Anonymous Authentication for Hybrid VANET MAC Protocol
Ahmad, T., Hadi, M. U., Vassiliou, V., Nigar, N., Jhaveri, R. H., Abaker, M., & Gadekallu, T. R. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3582080 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sutradhar, K.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Information Technology Sri City (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sutradhar, Kartick
- ORCID
- Sutradhar, Kartick
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3513-3522
- ISSN
- 1524-9050 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0016
- OpenAlex
- W4387717688
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Communication Security Techniques
- Keywords
- quantum cryptography, vehicular communication, quantum key distribution, traffic control systems, attack resistance, intercept-resend attack, man-in-the-middle attacks, Trojan horse attack, collective attacks, collusion attacks, forgery attack, collision attack, eavesdropping, vehicle collision prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
