Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 334

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Review

Song, Zixing, Yang, Xiangli, Xu, Zenglin, King, Irwin·2023·IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems

Abstract

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has tremendous value in practice due to the utilization of both labeled and unlabelled data. An essential class of SSL methods, referred to as graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL) methods in the literature, is to first represent each sample as a node in an affinity graph, and then, the label information of unlabeled samples can be inferred based on the structure of the constructed graph. GSSL methods have demonstrated their advantages in various domains due to their uniqueness of structure, the universality of applications, and their scalability to large-scale data. Focusing on GSSL methods only, this work aims to provide both researchers and practitioners with a solid and systematic understanding of relevant advances as well as the underlying connections among them. The concentration on one class of SSL makes this article distinct from recent surveys that cover a more general and broader picture of SSL methods yet often neglect the fundamental understanding of GSSL methods. In particular, a significant contribution of this article lies in a newly generalized taxonomy for GSSL under the unified framework, with the most up-to-date references and valuable resources such as codes, datasets, and applications. Furthermore, we present several potential research directions as future work with our insights into this rapidly growing field.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/tnnls.2022.3155478

Cites

151 of 151 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 151 references

Cited by

See all 334

Metadata

Authors
Song, Z., Yang, X., Xu, Z., & King, I.
Venue
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
Published
2023-11
Volume
34
Issue
11
Pages
8174-8194
ISSN
  • 2162-237X (ISSN-L)
  • 2162-2388
OpenAlex
W3133744637
Cited by
334
References
151
FWCI
22.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3155478
The paper
Song, Z., Yang, X., Xu, Z., & King, I. (2023). Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3155478

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.