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Dataset Security for Machine Learning: Data Poisoning, Backdoor Attacks, and Defenses
Open accessAbstract
As machine learning systems grow in scale, so do their training data requirements, forcing practitioners to automate and outsource the curation of training data in order to achieve state-of-the-art performance. The absence of trustworthy human supervision over the data collection process exposes organizations to security vulnerabilities; training data can be manipulated to control and degrade the downstream behaviors of learned models. The goal of this work is to systematically categorize and discuss a wide range of dataset vulnerabilities and exploits, approaches for defending against these threats, and an array of open problems in this space.
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“The DoD CDAO Responsible AI Toolkit [14] focuses on ethical and operational considerations rather than cryptographic integrity.”
From AI Supply Chain Security: MBOM-PQC Provenance, PQC Attestation, and a Maturity Model for Quantum-Resistant Assurance (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“By integrating PQC-safe signatures, hybrid modes, provenance modeling, and continuous attestation, it addresses critical gaps in current AI assurance practices that existing governance frameworks-including the NIST AI RMF [5], NIST SSDF [6], and DoD CDAO Responsible AI Toolkit [14]-do not fill.”
From AI Supply Chain Security: MBOM-PQC Provenance, PQC Attestation, and a Maturity Model for Quantum-Resistant Assurance (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“To carry out these attacks, attackers need to have complete knowledge about the target WFL framework, including the number of participants, local training algorithm, aggregation protocol, and global model convergence process [51], [243].”
From Data and model poisoning backdoor attacks on wireless federated learning, and the defense mechanisms: A comprehensive survey (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
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Chen, Y., Zhao, S., Fei, L., Chai, T., Cui, J., & Lai, Q. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6123-0_6
dataRLsec: Safety, Security, and Reliability With Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning for DPAs
Pandian, S. K., & Kshetri, N. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on AI in Cybersecurity (ICAIC) · doi:10.1109/icaic67076.2026.11395867
Tulla, M. H. B., Ratan, M. M. R., & Sohan, A. H. S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8948435/v1
False flag: An evolutionary false labeling approach for multilabel classification
García‐Pedrajas, N., Cuevas-Muñoz, J. M., Mendoza-Hurtado, M., Pérez-Rodríguez, J., & de Haro-García, A. (2026) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114912
Deep Neural Network Watermarking to Detect Backdoor Attacks in Datasets Using Wet Paper Coding
Putri, A., Budiman, G., & Wijayanto, I. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Systems and Informatics (ICETISI) · doi:10.1109/icetisi67983.2025.11405914
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldblum, M., Tsipras, D., Xie, C., Chen, X., Schwarzschild, A., Song, D., Madry, A., Li, B., & Goldstein, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2023-02-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1563-1580
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- 1939-3539
- OpenAlex
- W3117572899
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 233
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 66
- FWCI
- 21.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- QED4RML
- D3M programs
- National Science Foundation (CCF-1910100, TWC-1409915, CCF-1553428, CNS-1815221, DMS-1912866)
- Amazon Research Award Program
- Berkeley DeepDrive
- Facebook PhD Fellowship
- ONR MURI Program
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Security and Verification in Computing
- Keywords
- data poisoning, backdoor attacks, machine learning security, attack defense
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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