The DOI matches its Crossref record; 222 of the 233 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dataset Security for Machine Learning: Data Poisoning, Backdoor Attacks, and Defenses
Open accessAbstract
As machine learning systems grow in scale, so do their training data requirements, forcing practitioners to automate and outsource the curation of training data in order to achieve state-of-the-art performance. The absence of trustworthy human supervision over the data collection process exposes organizations to security vulnerabilities; training data can be manipulated to control and degrade the downstream behaviors of learned models. The goal of this work is to systematically categorize and discuss a wide range of dataset vulnerabilities and exploits, approaches for defending against these threats, and an array of open problems in this space.
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“The DoD CDAO Responsible AI Toolkit [14] focuses on ethical and operational considerations rather than cryptographic integrity.”
From AI Supply Chain Security: MBOM-PQC Provenance, PQC Attestation, and a Maturity Model for Quantum-Resistant Assurance (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“By integrating PQC-safe signatures, hybrid modes, provenance modeling, and continuous attestation, it addresses critical gaps in current AI assurance practices that existing governance frameworks-including the NIST AI RMF [5], NIST SSDF [6], and DoD CDAO Responsible AI Toolkit [14]-do not fill.”
From AI Supply Chain Security: MBOM-PQC Provenance, PQC Attestation, and a Maturity Model for Quantum-Resistant Assurance (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“To carry out these attacks, attackers need to have complete knowledge about the target WFL framework, including the number of participants, local training algorithm, aggregation protocol, and global model convergence process [51], [243].”
From Data and model poisoning backdoor attacks on wireless federated learning, and the defense mechanisms: A comprehensive survey (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
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Nowroozi, E., Jadalla, N., Ghelichkhani, S., & Jolfaei, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2024.3447411 · Cited by 12
A Proxy Attack-Free Strategy for Practically Improving the Poisoning Efficiency in Backdoor Attacks
Li, Z., Sun, H., Xia, P., Xia, B., Rui, X., Zhang, W., Guo, Q., Fu, Z., & Li, B. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3472510 · Cited by 17
Self-citationVenomave: Targeted Poisoning Against Speech Recognition
Aghakhani, H., Schönherr, L., Eisenhofer, T., Kolossa, D., Holz, T., Kruegel, C., & Vigna, G. (2023) · IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning (SaTML) · doi:10.1109/satml54575.2023.00035 · Cited by 16
Covert Channel Attack to Federated Learning Systems.Preprint
Costa, G., Pinelli, F., Soderi, S., & Tolomei, G. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 12
Qi, X., Jifeng, Z., Xie, C., & Yang, Y. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.07240 · Cited by 28
Self-citationNavigating Embodied Intelligence: Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Emerging Trends
Wang, Y., Niu, X., Ba, J., Su, Z., & Du, L. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3649049 · Cited by 11
MITDBA: Mitigating Dynamic Backdoor Attacks in Federated Learning for IoT Applications
Wang, Y., Zhai, D., Han, D., Guan, Y., & Xia, Y. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3325634 · Cited by 12
The Devil’s Advocate: Shattering the Illusion of Unexploitable Data using Diffusion Models
Dolatabadi, H. M., Erfani, S., & Leckie, C. A. (2024) · IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning (SaTML) · doi:10.1109/satml59370.2024.00025 · Cited by 19
Lingam, G., & Das, S. K. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.113019 · Cited by 11
Defenses in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey From the Lifecycle Perspective
Wu, B., Zhu, M., Zheng, M., Zhu, Z., Wei, S., Zhang, M., Chen, H., Yuan, D., Liu, L., & Liu, Q. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3611340 · Cited by 11
Towards Defining a Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence System Development Maturity Model
Das, S. D., Bala, P. K., & Mishra, A. N. (2023) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2023.2251443 · Cited by 10
Blockchain federated learning with sparsity for IoMT devices
Ba, A. F., Yingchi, M., Muhammad, A. U., Samuel, O., Muazu, T., & Kumshe, U. M. M. (2024) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04810-y · Cited by 11
Hanif, M. A., Chattopadhyay, N., Ouni, B., & Shafique, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571995 · Cited by 12
Fake the Real: Backdoor Attack on Deep Speech Classification via Voice Conversion
Ye, Z., Mao, T., Dong, L., & Yan, D. (2023) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2023-733 · Cited by 19
LearnChain: Transparent and cooperative reinforcement learning on Blockchain
Sami, H., Mizouni, R., Otrok, H., Singh, S., Bentahar, J., & Mourad, A. (2023) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2023.09.012 · Cited by 10
The Path to Defence: A Roadmap to Characterising Data Poisoning Attacks on Victim Models
Chaalan, T., Pang, S., Kamruzzaman, J., Gondal, I., & Zhang, X. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3627536 · Cited by 13
DeepVenom: Persistent DNN Backdoors Exploiting Transient Weight Perturbations in Memories
Cai, K., Chowdhuryy, M. H. I., Zhang, Z., & Yao, F. (2024) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp54263.2024.00223 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldblum, M., Tsipras, D., Xie, C., Chen, X., Schwarzschild, A., Song, D., Madry, A., Li, B., & Goldstein, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2023-02-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1563-1580
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- 1939-3539
- OpenAlex
- W3117572899
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 233
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 66
- FWCI
- 21.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- QED4RML
- D3M programs
- National Science Foundation (CCF-1910100, TWC-1409915, CCF-1553428, CNS-1815221, DMS-1912866)
- Amazon Research Award Program
- Berkeley DeepDrive
- Facebook PhD Fellowship
- ONR MURI Program
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Security and Verification in Computing
- Keywords
- data poisoning, backdoor attacks, machine learning security, attack defense
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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