The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Compassionate AI Design, Governance, and Use
Abstract
The rapid rise of generative AI reshapes society, transforming jobs, relationships, and core beliefs about human essence. AI's ability to simulate empathy, once considered uniquely human, offers promise in industries from marketing to healthcare but also risks exploiting emotional vulnerabilities, fostering dependency, and compromising privacy. These risks are particularly acute with AI companion chatbots, which mimic emotional speech but may erode genuine human connections. Rooted in Schopenhauer's compassionate imperative, we present a novel framework for compassionate AI design, governance, and use, emphasizing equitable distribution of AI's benefits and burdens based on stakeholder vulnerability. We advocate for responsible AI development that prioritizes empathy, dignity, and human flourishing.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Unlike human partners, AI companions are governed by commercial providers who can unilaterally modify behaviour, appearance, or interaction style (Ciriello et al. 2025).”
From Not a Silver Bullet for Loneliness: How Attachment and Age Shape Intimacy with AI Companions (2026) · cites this paper as Ciriello et al. 2025
Citations
Cites
Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., Rosen, T., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001005 · Cited by 584 · cited 1×
“Given that loneliness affects one in four people globally and contributes to mental and physical health challenges, these technologies risk intensifying an already critical issue [16], [17], [18], [19].”
Positive Computing: Technology for Wellbeing and Human Potential
Calvo, R. A., & Peters, D. (2014) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9764.001.0001 · Cited by 376
Lara, E., Martín-María, N., De la Torre-Luque, A., Koyanagi, A., Vancampfort, D., Izquierdo, A., & Miret, M. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.03.002 · Cited by 351
Generative AI’s environmental costs are soaring — and mostly secret
Crawford, K. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00478-x · Cited by 175
Research works printed but not linked: 37
- 10.1017/9781316544846 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.4324/9781003288008 · DOI
- Chen, The past, present, and futures of artificial emotional intelligence: A scoping review
- 10.1177/09637214231217286 · DOI
- Ciriello, 2025, Humanising AI Could Lead us to Dehumanise Ourselves
- 10.1109/tts.2024.3413591 · DOI
- 10.17705/1cais.05529 · DOI
- 10.1109/mts.2023.3241309 · DOI
- Ciriello, 2025, Concerns Over Growing Use of AI Companions, ABC News
- 10.2139/ssrn.5285180 · DOI
- 10.1109/tts.2023.3296991 · DOI
- Ciriello, 2025, This Boy’s Chatbot Girlfriend Enticed Him to Suicide. His Case Might Save Millions
- Ciriello, 2025, The AI Sexbot Industry is Just Getting Started. It Brings Strange New Questions-and Risks
- Rubinsztein, Sexbots and rock&roll: A dialectical inquiry into digisexuality between progress and regress
- 10.1109/mts.2022.3173311 · DOI
- 10.1177/0020764018776349 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0956797612464059 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s10506-017-9212-y · DOI
- 10.1109/mts.2016.2554421 · DOI
- Chen, Feels like empathy: How ‘emotional’ AI challenges human essence
- 10.1086/393069 · DOI
- 10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ieeestd.2024.10576666 · DOI
- Fleischman, 2025, Do You Have What it Takes to be Polyamorous? Diana Fleischman on Sex, Jealousy, Emotional Discipline, and Why We Behave the Way We Do
- Ciriello, Ethical tensions in human-AI companionship: A dialectical inquiry into Replika
- 10.1109/tts.2024.3453396 · DOI
- 10.1177/1056492611432803 · DOI
- Hannon, Just because we can, doesn’t mean we should: Algorithm aversion as a principled resistance
- Ciriello, Pluralistic digital harm analysis: Combining ethical, legal, and historical views on corporate evil
- 10.1080/21650349.2018.1501280 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-94-007-7844-3_4 · DOI · Paper page
- Cavoukian, 2021, Privacy by Design: The Seven Foundational Principles
- Ciriello, 2025, Beyond the Economic Shockwave: Deepseek as a Regulatory Opportunity for Responsible AI Development
- 10.1177/0008125617752694 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/tts.2021.3098046 · DOI
- Fiotto-Kaufman, 2024, NNsight and NDIF: Democratizing access to open-weight foundation model internals, arXiv:2407.14561 · arXiv
- Michael, 2025, Hello Barbie, Hello Hackers: Accessing Personal Data Will Be Child’s Play
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Risks and Harms of Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) Chatbot Use Among US Youth
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70164 · Cited by 9
Not a Silver Bullet for Loneliness: How Attachment and Age Shape Intimacy with AI Companions
Ciriello, R., Gal, U., & Turel, O. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.12476 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ciriello, R. F., Chen, A. Y., & Rubinsztein, Z. A.
- Affiliations
- Discipline of Business Information Systems, University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, Australia
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society
- Published
- 2025-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 270-275
- ISSN
- 2637-6415
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Compassionate AI Design, Governance, and Use. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tts.2025.3538125
- The paper
- Ciriello, R. F., Chen, A. Y., & Rubinsztein, Z. A. (2025). Compassionate AI Design, Governance, and Use. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2025.3538125