Chirped frequency transfer: A tool for synchronization and time transfer
Open accessAbstract
We propose and demonstrate the phase-stabilized transfer of a chirped frequency as a tool for synchronization and time transfer. Technically, this is done by evaluating remote measurements of the transferred, chirped frequency. The gates of the frequency counters, here driven by a 10-MHz oscillation derived from a hydrogen maser, play a role analogous to the 1-pulse per second (PPS) signals usually employed for time transfer. In general, for time transfer, the gates consequently must be related to the external clock. Synchronizing observations based on frequency measurements, on the other hand, only requires a stable oscillator driving the frequency counters. In a proof of principle, we demonstrate the suppression of symmetrical delays, such as the geometrical path delay. We transfer an optical frequency chirped by around 240 kHz/s over a fiber link of around 149 km. We observe an accuracy and simultaneity, as well as a precision (Allan deviation, 18,000 s averaging interval) of the transferred frequency of around 2 × 10(-19). We apply chirped frequency transfer to remote measurements of the synchronization between two counters' gate intervals. Here, we find a precision of around 200 ps at an estimated overall uncertainty of around 500 ps. The measurement results agree with those obtained from reference measurements, being well within the uncertainty. In the present setup, timing offsets up to 4 min can be measured unambiguously. We indicate how this range can be extended further.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Millimeter/submillimeter level of accuracy (order of 10^-19 and 10^-20) is claimed for the stability of optical frequency time transfer.
“Millimeter/ submillimeter level of accuracy (order of 10 -19 and 10 -20 ) is claimed in Raupach and Grosche, (2014); Raupach et al. (2015) for the stability of the optical frequency time transfer.”
From Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper (2023) · cites this paper as Raupach and Grosche, (2014)
The ‘Simultaneity of the Chirped Frequency’ section reports fractional-frequency results on the order of 10^-19, supporting that part of the claim. The Conclusions report about 200 ps precision and 500 ps overall uncertainty for time synchronization; our copy does not report 10^-20 stability or millimeter/submillimeter-level time-transfer accuracy. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Post, E. J. (1967) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.39.475 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division
Fortier, T. M., Kirchner, M. S., Quinlan, F., Taylor, J. A., Bergquist, J., Rosenband, T., Lemke, N., Ludlow, A. D., Jiang, Y., Oates, C. W., et al. (2011) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.121 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
An Atomic Clock with 10 <sup>–18</sup> Instability
Hinkley, N., Sherman, J. A., Phillips, N. B., Schioppo, M., Lemke, N. D., Beloy, K., Pizzocaro, M., Oates, C. W., & Ludlow, A. D. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240420 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Handbook of frequency stability analysis
Riley, W. J., & Riley, W. J. (2008) · doi:10.6028/nist.sp.1065 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
A 920-Kilometer Optical Fiber Link for Frequency Metrology at the 19th Decimal Place
Predehl, K., Grosche, G., Raupach, S. M. F., Droste, S., Terra, O., Alnis, J., Legero, T., Hänsch, T. W., Udem, T., Holzwarth, R., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1218442 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Self-citationDrift-free femtosecond timing synchronization of remote optical and microwave sources
Kim, J., Cox, J. A., Chen, J., & Käertner, F. X. (2008) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2008.225 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
High-stability transfer of an optical frequency over long fiber-optic links
Williams, P. A., Swann, W. C., & Newbury, N. R. (2008) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.25.001284 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Optical-Frequency Transfer over a Single-Span 1840 km Fiber Link
Droste, S., Ozimek, F., Udem, T., Predehl, K., Hänsch, T. W., Schnatz, H., Grosche, G., & Holzwarth, R. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.110801 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationSagnac, G. (1913) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Kerr-lens, mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements
Telle, H. R., Lipphardt, B., & Stenger, J. (2002) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s003400100735 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Precise and Continuous Time and Frequency Synchronisation at the 5×10-19 Accuracy Level
Wang, B., Gao, C., Chen, W. L., et al. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00556 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Bauch, A., Achkar, J., Bize, S., Calonico, D., Dach, R., Hlavać, R., Lorini, L., Parker, T., Petit, G., Piester, D., et al. (2006) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/43/1/016 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Sagnac effect in fiber gyroscopes
Arditty, H. J., & Lefèvre, H. C. (1981) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.6.000401 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Considerations on the measurement of the stability of oscillators with frequency counters
Dawkins, S. T., McFerran, J. J., & Luiten, A. N. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2007.337 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Dissemination of time and RF frequency via a stabilized fibre optic link over a distance of 420 km
Śliwczyński, Ł., Krehlik, P., Czubla, A., Buczek, Ł., & Lipiński, M. (2013) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/50/2/133 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements
Telle, H. R., Lipphardt, B., & Stenger, J. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A review of time and frequency transfer methods
Levine, J. (2008) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/6/s22 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Ultra-stable long distance optical frequency distribution using the Internet fiber network
Lopez, O., Haboucha, A., Chanteau, B., Chardonnet, C., Amy-Klein, A., & Santarelli, G. (2012) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.20.023518 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
High-resolution microwave frequency dissemination on an 86-km urban optical link
Lopez, O., Amy‐Klein, A., Lours, M., Chardonnet, C., & Santarelli, G. (2009) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-009-3832-1 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Simultaneous remote transfer of accurate timing and optical frequency over a public fiber network
Lopez, O., Kanj, A., Pottie, P.-E., Rovera, D., Achkar, J., Chardonnet, C., Amy-Klein, A., & Santarelli, G. (2013) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5241-0 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
White rabbit: Sub-nanosecond timing distribution over ethernet
Moreira, P., Serrano, J., Włostowski, T., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1109/ispcs.2009.5340196 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Frequency comparison of optical lattice clocks beyond the Dick limit
Takamoto, M., Takano, T., & Katori, H. (2011) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.34 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Time transfer with nanosecond accuracy for the realization of International Atomic Time
Piester, D., Bauch, A., Breakiron, L., Matsakis, D., Blanzano, B., & Koudelka, O. (2008) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/2/008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Time transfer through optical fibres over a distance of 73 km with an uncertainty below 100 ps
Rost, M., Piester, D., Yang, W., Feldmann, T., Wübbena, T., & Bauch, A. (2012) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/772 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
High-resolution microwave frequency dissemination on an 86km urban optical link
Lopez, O., Amy‐Klein, A., Lours, M., et al. (2009) · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Coherent optical link through the turbulent atmosphere
Djerroud, K., Acef, O., Clairon, A., Lemonde, P., Man, C. N., Samain, É., & Wolf, P. (2010) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.35.001479 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Around-the-World Relativistic Sagnac Experiment
Allan, D. W., Weiss, M. A., & Ashby, N. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.228.4695.69 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Frequency transfer via a two-way optical phase comparison on a multiplexed fiber network
Calosso, C. E., Bertacco, E., Calonico, D., Clivati, C., Costanzo, G. A., Frittelli, M., Levi, F., Mura, A., & Godone, A. (2014) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.39.001177 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Grosche, G. (2014) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.39.002545 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, R., Zheng, Y., Yao, A., et al. (2003) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(03)00575-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
In-line extraction of an ultrastable frequency signal over an optical fiber link
Bercy, A., Guellati-Khélifa, S., Stefani, F., Santarelli, G., Chardonnet, C., Pottie, P.-É., Lopez, O., & Amy‐Klein, A. (2014) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.31.000678 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Frequency transfer via a two-way optical phase comparison on a multiplexed fiber network
Calosso, C. E., Bertacco, E. K., Calonico, D., Clivati, C., Costanzo, G. A., Frittelli, M., Levi, F., Mura, A., & Godone, A. (2014) · PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
All-fiber optical filter with an ultranarrow and rectangular spectral response
Zou, X., Li, M., Pan, W., et al. (2013) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.38.003096 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lasers for coherent optical satellite links with large dynamics
Chiodo, N., Djerroud, K., Acef, O., et al. (2013) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.52.007342 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Robust and Accurate Frequency and Timing Synchronization Using Chirp Signals
Boumard, S., & Mämmelä, A. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting · doi:10.1109/tbc.2008.2008712 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, R., Zheng, Y., Yao, A., et al. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
High contrast, low noise selection and amplification of an individual optical frequency comb line
Rohde, F., Benkler, E., & Telle, H. R. (2013) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.38.000103 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Laue, M. V. (1920) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.19203671303 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Multi-channel synchronous digital phase recorder
Kramer, G., & Klische, W. (2002) · Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium · doi:10.1109/freq.2001.956178 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Über die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration
Harzer, P. (1914) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.19141982001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Die Versuche von F. Harreß über die Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes in bewegten Körpern
Knopf, O. (1920) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.19203671302 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Delivering 10 Gb/s optical data with picosecond timing uncertainty over 75 km distance
Sotiropoulos, N., Okonkwo, C. M., Nuijts, R., de Waardt, H., & Koelemeij, J. C. J. (2013) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.21.032643 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Delivering 10 Gb/s optical data with picosecond timing uncertainty over 75 km distance
Sotiropoulos, N., Okonkwo, C. C., Nuijts, R., Waardt, H. H. =. H. D., & Koelemeij, J. (2014) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Microwave frequency transfer with optical stabilisation
Schediwy, S., Luiten, A. N., Aben, G., et al. (2012) · European Frequency and Time Forum · doi:10.1109/eftf.2012.6502369 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [32]32. M. von laue, "Über einen Versuch zur optik der bewegten Körper," Sitzungsberichte Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. Kl., pp. 405-412, 1911.
- [34]34. M. G. sagnac, "sur la preuve de la réalité de l'éther lumineux par l'expérience de l'interférographe tournant," C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 157, pp. 1410-1413, dec. 1913.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science
Lisdat, C., Grosche, G., Quintin, N., Shi, C., Raupach, S. M. F., Grebing, C., Nicolodi, D., Stefani, F., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12443 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationRaupach, S. M. F., Koczwara, A., & Grosche, G. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.021801 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency and time transfer for metrology and beyond using telecommunication network fibres
Lopez, O., Kéfélian, F., Jiang, H., Haboucha, A., Bercy, A., Stefani, F., Chanteau, B., Kanj, A., Rovera, D., Achkar, J., et al. (2015) · Comptes Rendus. Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.04.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Doppler-stabilized fiber link with 6 dB noise improvement below the classical limit
Calosso, C. E., Bertacco, E. K., Calonico, D., Clivati, C., Costanzo, G. A., Frittelli, M., Levi, F., Micalizio, S., Mura, A., & Godone, A. (2015) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.40.000131 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bagherbandi, M., Shirazian, M., Amin, H., & Horemuz, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1139211 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Raupach, S. M. F., & Grosche, G.
- Affiliations
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 920-929
- ISSN
- 0885-3010 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168924399
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Time Synchronization Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies
- Keywords
- time transfer, synchronization, frequency counter, optical frequency transfer, fiber links, phase stabilization, hydrogen maser, Allan deviation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
