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Cited by 101Advanced Frequency and Time StandardsQuantum Information and CryptographyAdvanced Photonic Communication Systems

Brillouin amplification supports1×10−20uncertainty in optical frequency transfer over 1400 km of underground fiber

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Raupach, Sebastian M. F., Koczwara, Andreas, Grosche, Gesine·2015·Physical Review A
DOI 10.1103/physreva.92.021801
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Abstract

Optical frequency transfer with record-high accuracy ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{-20}$ uncertainty) is realized over a 1400km loop of underground fiber between Braunschweig and Strasbourg, which enables reliable comparison of state-of-the-art atomic clocks that are accurate enough to detect changes in the fabric of space-time.

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Crossref · 10.1103/physreva.92.021801

Cites

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  • The evaluation factors of optical fiber frequency transmission systems are usually 1-s stability, the system noise floor, and the time to reach the system noise floor.

    “The evaluation factors of optical fiber frequency transmission systems are usually 1-s stability, the system noise floor, and the time to reach the system noise floor [33,44].”

    From Performance Evaluation and Requirement Analysis for Chronometric Leveling with High-Accuracy Optical Clocks (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

    The results and Fig. 3 discuss 1-s averaging, an estimated instability floor, and how instability changes with averaging time. They support these as measures used to evaluate this 1400-km link, but do not state that the three are usually the evaluation factors for optical-fiber frequency-transmission systems generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • At present, the gravitational redshift effect has been tested at the order of 10 -21 in the laboratory, and the optical fiber frequency transmission technique could basically meet the demand for clock comparison.

    “At present, the gravitational redshift effect has been tested at the order of 10 -21 in the laboratory, and the optical fiber frequency transmission technique could basically meet the demand for clock comparison [20,21,33,53].”

    From Performance Evaluation and Requirement Analysis for Chronometric Leveling with High-Accuracy Optical Clocks (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

    In its concluding discussion (page not specified in our copy), the paper reports optical-frequency transfer over 1400 km at approximately 10⁻²⁰ accuracy and says the fibre link supports remote comparisons of the best optical clocks. It does not report a laboratory test of gravitational redshift at the 10⁻²¹ level; that part of the citing sentence is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Fiber links can achieve stability better than 10^-19 over about 1,400 km.

    “The fi ber links can achieve stability better than 10 -19 over about 1,400 km (Raupach et al., 2015).”

    From Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper (2023) · cites this paper as Raupach et al., 2015

  • Millimeter/submillimeter level of accuracy (order of 10^-19 and 10^-20) is claimed for the stability of optical frequency time transfer.

    “Millimeter/ submillimeter level of accuracy (order of 10 -19 and 10 -20 ) is claimed in Raupach and Grosche, (2014); Raupach et al. (2015) for the stability of the optical frequency time transfer.”

    From Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper (2023) · cites this paper as Raupach et al. (2015)

  • The instability is limited by the transportable clock Sr2, whereas that of Sr1 is about an order of magnitude lower.

    “The instability is limited by the transportable clock Sr2, whereas that of Sr1 is about an order of magnitude lower [33].”

    From Long-distance chronometric leveling with a portable optical clock (2024) · cites this paper as [33]

    The results discussion and Fig. 2 caption (page unavailable in our copy) address instability of the 1400 km frequency-transfer link and refer generally to optical-clock comparisons. Searches for Sr1, Sr2, and a transportable strontium clock found no passage comparing those clocks or saying Sr2 limits the instability. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 26

  1. [1]1. O. Lopez, Opt. Express 20, 23518 (2012).
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Authors
Raupach, S. M. F., Koczwara, A., & Grosche, G.
Affiliations
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
Venue
Physical Review A
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2015-08-24
Volume
92
Issue
2
ISSN
  • 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
  • 1050-2947
  • 1094-1622
DOI
10.1103/physreva.92.021801
OpenAlex
W2286251822
Cited by
101
References
30
Citations by year
2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3
FWCI
3.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • European Association of National Metrology Institutes
  • European Commission
  • Université de Strasbourg
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
Keywords
optical frequency transfer, Brillouin amplification, atomic clock comparison, frequency stability, long-haul optical links

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