xEV Li-Ion Battery Low-Temperature Effects—Review
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the recent literature regarding the effects of low temperatures on Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries for electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, and hybrid electric vehicle applications. Special consideration is given to nine major effects that directly or indirectly impact the battery use at low temperatures and it is presented that they are correlated to each other. The main discussions in this paper are capacity loss, power loss, life degradation, safety hazard, unbalanced capacity, charging difficulty, thermal management system complexity, battery model and state estimation method complexity, and incremental cost. The effects correlations and possible solutions are explained to provide a detailed, yet broader understanding of the Li-ion batteries low-temperature operating scenarios.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Li-ion battery pack costs are predicted to be 94 USD/kWh by 2024 and 62 USD/kWh by 2030.
“Moreover, it is important to consider the costs of the Li-ion battery packs and the forecasts for the upcoming years, which show predictions of 94 USD/kWh by 2024 and 62 USD/kWh by 2030 [23,24].”
From EV Overnight Charging Strategy in Residential Sector: Case of Winter Season in Quebec (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
It is expected that by 2026, the average cost of a full electric vehicle will be less than an ICE average car.
“Further, having in mind that the cost of the battery pack accounts for more than 40% of the total cost of the car, it is expected that by 2026, the average cost of a full electric vehicle will be less than an ICE average car.”
From EV Overnight Charging Strategy in Residential Sector: Case of Winter Season in Quebec (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
The cost of the battery pack accounts for more than 40% of the total cost of the car.
“Further, having in mind that the cost of the battery pack accounts for more than 40% of the total cost of the car, it is expected that by 2026, the average cost of a full electric vehicle will be less than an ICE average car.”
From EV Overnight Charging Strategy in Residential Sector: Case of Winter Season in Quebec (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
Jaguemont, J., Boulon, L., & Dubé, Y. (2016) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.034 · Cited by 1,188 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Polarization is a deviation of the actual voltage from equilibrium, open circuit voltage, dominated by both electrical and diffusion resistance on the electronic and ionic flow, respectively, which directly cause the cell voltage to drop or to rise [17], and can simply be described as the difference from the open-circ…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLow temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells
Zhang, S. S., Xu, K., & Jow, T. R. (2002) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00620-5 · Cited by 311 · cited 3× · see citing works
“anode, leading to cell polarization [19], [45], [67], [87].”
BackgroundEcker, M., Shafiei Sabet, P., & Sauer, D. U. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.034 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
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A review on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles
Zhang, X., Li, Z., Luo, L., Fan, Y., & Du, Z. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121652 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Vidal, C., Malysz, P., Kollmeyer, P., & Emadi, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2980961 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationSenol, M., Bayram, I. S., Naderi, Y., & Galloway, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3268615 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dini, P., & Paolini, D. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11030107 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
EV Overnight Charging Strategy in Residential Sector: Case of Winter Season in Quebec
Cardenas, A., Guzman, C., & Martinez, W. (2021) · Vehicles · doi:10.3390/vehicles3030034 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Moreover, it is important to consider the costs of the Li–ion battery packs and the forecasts for the upcoming years, which show predictions of 94 USD/kWh by 2024 and 62 USD/kWh by 2030 [23,24].”
Background
- Authors
- Vidal, C., Gross, O., Gu, R., Kollmeyer, P., & Emadi, A.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (United States) (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 4560-4572
- ISSN
- 0018-9545 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9359
- OpenAlex
- W2923630316
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, low-temperature performance, electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, capacity fade, power losses, battery degradation, battery safety, thermal management, battery modeling, state estimation, incremental cost
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