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Cited by 19Electric Vehicles and InfrastructureSmart Grid Energy ManagementElectric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies

EV Overnight Charging Strategy in Residential Sector: Case of Winter Season in Quebec

Open access
Cardenas, Alben, Guzman, Cristina, Martinez, Wilmar·2021·Vehicles
DOI 10.3390/vehicles3030034
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Abstract

Electric Vehicle (EV) technologies offer a leading-edge solution for clean transportation and have evolved substantially in recent years. The growing market and policies of governments predict EV massive penetration shortly; however, their large deployment faces some resistances such as the high prices compared to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, the required infrastructure, the liability for novelty and standardisation. During winter periods of cold countries, since the use of heating systems increases, the peak power may produce stress to the grid. This fact, combined with EVs high penetration, during charging periods inside of high consumption hours might overload the network, becoming a threat to its stability. This article presents a framework to evaluate load shifting strategies to reschedule the EV charging to lower grid load periods. The undesirable “rebound” effect of load shifting strategies is confirmed, leading us to our EV local overnight charging strategy (EV-ONCS). Our strategy combines the forecast of residential demand using probabilistic distribution from historical consumption, prediction of the EV expected availability to charge and the charging strategy itself. EV-ONCS avoids demand rebound of classic methods and allows a peak-to-average ratio reduction demonstrating the relief for the grid with very low implementation cost.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes a local EV overnight charging strategy (EV-ONCS) for residential winter conditions in Quebec, using Gaussian-kernel forecasts of residential demand and EV availability to schedule charging and limited V2G discharge. It reports that EV-ONCS avoids the load-shift rebound effect and reduces the peak-to-average ratio compared with baseline and load-shift scenarios.

Key findings

  • In the 20–25 January 2020 analysis, EV-ONCS reduced the mean peak-to-average ratio (PAR) to 1.6 in cases 1–3 (−16%) and 1.5 in case 4 (−21%), whereas the load-shift strategy gave PARs of 1.9 (+0%), 2.1 (+10%), 2.3 (+21%), and 2.9 (+53%) for cases 1–4, respectively.
  • For distribution transformer DT-10, EV-ONCS limited peak demand increases to +0% to +7%, while load-shift produced +121% to +180% and EV integration alone produced +131% to +174%.
  • The paper estimates an expected mean CO₂ emissions reduction by household of 11 to 42 kg/day depending on EV battery size, based on Quebec’s hydropower-dominated electricity supply.
  • EV-ONCS offered similar or better electricity-bill performance than the classic load-shift strategy under Ontario Time-of-Use tariffs, independent of battery size.

Methods

  • A simulation framework for residential EV charging was developed with inputs including power measurements, meteorological conditions, and building heat-loss characteristics; it uses probabilistic and thermal models from Quebec residential data.
  • The case study simulated 100 detached houses in Quebec from 1 November 2019 to 30 April 2020, with one EV per household, level 2 charging, and four EV fleet compositions varying battery size and charging power.
  • Three scenarios were compared: immediate charging on arrival, load-shift charging based on low-power-demand detection, and the proposed EV-ONCS, which uses Gaussian kernel models for residential demand and EV availability, a SoC threshold, V2G discharge, and a delay term to avoid rebound.

Limitations

  • Stated: EV-ONCS requires chargers with bidirectional and modulated power; future work includes integrating energy storage and analyzing emerging EV recharging technologies and power quality.
  • Stated: CO₂ reduction estimates depend on the vehicle, duty cycle, and primary energy source, and equivalence factors must be reevaluated for other jurisdictions.
  • Evident from the text: the study is simulation-based, limited to one EV per household, 100 detached houses, Quebec winter conditions, and 100% EV penetration, with no field deployment validation reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/vehicles3030034

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 32 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Study design and conductcitation

    Heat loss coefficients and time constants used in the simulation of the park of buildings correspond to typical values for Canadian detached houses, as confirmed by field measurements [14,33,34].

    “The heat loss coefficients and time constants used in the simulation of the park of buildings correspond to typical values for Canadian detached houses as confirmed by field measurements reported in [14,33,34] and illustrated by Figure 3.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Guzman, C., Rueda, L., Romero, G., Biscans, S., Agbossou, K., and Cardenas, A. (2018, January 19–22). Enabling winter behavior analysis on electrically heated residential buildings by smart sub-metering. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Lyon, France. source
    • cites [33] Guzman, 2019, Real-Time Emulation of Residential Buildings by Hardware Solution of Multi-Layer Model, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid source
    • cites [34] John, C., Vallianos, C., Candanedo, J., and Athienitis, A. (2018, January 23–26). Estimating time constants for over 10,000 residential buildings in North America: Towards a statistical characterization of thermal dynamics. Proceedings of the 7th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2018, Syracuse, NY, USA. source

      The Abstract and Results (pages not specified in our copy) derive typical residential time constants from smart-thermostat measurements in Canada and the US. The paper does not report heat loss coefficients or establish values specifically for Canadian detached houses; the Discussion says analysis by home type is future work. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Measured outdoor temperature in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec can drop below -25°C during the analysis period.

    “We can see that the measured outdoor temperature can drop below -25 • C during the analysis period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The expected mean reduction in CO2 emissions by household could vary from 11 to 42 kg/day depending on the battery size of the EV.

    “the expected mean reduction in CO 2 emissions by household could vary from 11 to 42 kg/day depend- ing on the battery size of the EV.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Almost all electricity in Quebec comes from hydropower, and Quebec's main energy source is renewable hydropower.
  • Findingreasoning

    EV-ONCS avoids demand rebound of classic methods.

    “EV-ONCS avoids demand rebound of classic methods and allows a peak-to-average ratio reduction demonstrating the relief for the grid with very low implementation cost.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    After EV integration, peak demand significantly increased for all cases.

    “From these results, we observe the peak demand which has significantly increased for all cases after the integration of EVs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 24
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    From [38], the mean efficiency of ICE and BEV are 13.2 km/L and 5.75 km/kWh, respectively.

    “From [38], the mean efficiency of ICE and BEV are 13.2 km/L and 5.75 km/kWh, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Kawamoto, R., Mochizuki, H., Moriguchi, Y., Nakano, T., Motohashi, M., Sakai, Y., and Inaba, A. (2019). Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA. Sustainability, 11. source

      Section 2.2, Table 2 gives 13.2 km/L for the gasoline-engine vehicle and 5.75 km/kWh for the BEV. These are US five-cycle values for the assessed vehicles, not mean efficiencies across all ICE vehicles and BEVs; the table lists different values for other regions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    WPT has technical issues including imperfect coupling or misalignment that impact power transfer efficiency.

    “however, WPT has some technical issues that include the imperfect coupling or misalignment that impact the power transfer efficiency and are actually themes of research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Al-Saadi, M., Hussien, E.A., and Craciunescu, A. (2019, January 3–4). Maximum Power Point Tracking and Power/Voltage Regulation for Inductive Wireless Battery Charging. Proceedings of the 2019 Electric Vehicles International Conference (EV), Bucharest, Romania. source
    • cites [22] Ibrahim, 2019, Analysis and Comparison of Resonance Topologies in 6.6 kW Inductive Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles Batteries, Procedia Manuf. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In colder periods, the EV rated range can be decreased by around 10%.

    “For example, in colder periods, the EV rated range can be decreased by around 10%, and high temperatures may affect the battery health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Rodemann, T., Eckhardt, T., Unger, R., and Schwan, T. (2019). Using agent-based customer modeling for the evaluation of EV charging systems. Energies, 12. source

      Section 4.5 (page unavailable) models increased EV energy consumption at lower ambient temperatures, which is consistent with reduced range. It does not state that rated range falls by around 10%, so the magnitude is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Nordic countries, meeting the high demand for EV charging points during winter will challenge the electricity grid, especially on colder days when space heating use increases dramatically.

    “In particular, the installation and operation to meet the high demand for electric vehicle charging points during the winter of Nordic countries will challenge the electricity grid.This issue appears especially on colder days when the use of space heating systems increases dramatically [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Ahmed, 2014, Smart Home Activities: A Literature Review, Electr. Power Components Syst. source

      Section 3.3.6 (page unavailable) reports that optimized electric-vehicle charging reduces peak demand on a local distribution system, supporting a general connection between charging and grid load. Section 3.3.1 (page unavailable) considers space heating alongside a plug-in vehicle as household energy services. Neither passage addresses Nordic winters, colder days, charging-point demand, or a dramatic rise in heating use. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Applying only the load-shift strategy fails because the peak power is relocated, generating important power rebound.

    “We can also evidence in the same figure that by applying only the load-shift strategy, the solution fails, considering that the peak power is relocated, generating important power rebound.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The proposed strategy EV-ONCS produces better performance from the local point of view, reducing significantly the peak of power.

    “Instead, the proposed strategy EV-ONCS produces a better performance from the local point of view reducing significantly the peak of power.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The proposed strategy EV-ONCS reduces the negative impact of EV integration and permits improvement of the PAR compared to the baseline case without EV.

    “Instead, the proposed strategy, EV-ONCS, reduces the negative impact of the EV's integration and permits to improve the PAR compared to the baseline case without EV.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The use of the load-shifting strategy does not improve the balance of the grid, and in some cases produces negative effects or higher peak power.

    “With these results, we confirm that the use of the load-shifting strategy does not improve the balance of the grid, and contrarily in some cases, produces negative effects or higher peak power as the problem is moving elsewhere to be faced later.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The load-shift strategy could help in cases 1 and 2 but becomes unsuitable in case 4.

    “We highlight that the load-shift strategy could help in cases 1 and 2 but becomes unsuitable in case 4.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the example of house #6, the EV contributes to the power balance in some days, which allows EVs with a low SoC to start recharging.

    “Further, in this example, it is to be noticed that the EV contributes to the power balance in some days, which allows EVs with a low SoC to start recharging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The PAR is improved by using the proposed strategy; specifically, the index is reduced by 16% in cases 1, 2 and 3, and by 21% in case 4.

    “We can notice from these results that the PAR is improved by using the proposed strategy.Specifically, the index is reduced by 16% in cases 1, 2 and 3, and by 21% in case 4.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The load-shift strategy works properly for DT-1; its performance is degraded in DT-5 and does not work for DT-10.

    “As expected, the load-shift strategy works properly for the DT-1; its performance is degraded in DT-5 and does not work for DT-10.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The proposed strategy EV-ONCS works properly for the three transformers with a slight increase in peak power demand or enabling the peak reduction.

    “The proposed strategy EV-ONCS works properly for the three transformers with a slight increase in peak power demand or enabling the peak reduction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The proposed strategy allows good integration of EVs with night charging and contributes to demand-side management, which results in a significant reduction in the peak-to-average ratio.

    “It allows good integration of EVs with night charging and contributes to demand-side management, which results in a significant reduction in the peak-to-average ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    As EV penetration increases and combined with other loads, a rebound effect has been identified in literature as a new potential menace to overcharge grid capacity during off-peak periods.

    “however, as the EV penetration is in augmentation, and combined with other loads, a rebound effect has been identified in literature, that can be seen as a new potential menace to overcharge the capacity of the grid during the periods identified as off-peak periods [31,32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Rafique, S., Nizami, M.S.H., Irshad, U.B., Hossain, M.J., and Mukhopadhyay, S.C. (2021). EV Scheduling Framework for Peak Demand Management in LV Residential Networks. IEEE Syst. J., 1–9. source
    • cites [32] Weiller, 2011, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States, Energy Policy source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    EV energy consumption ranges from 117 to 166 Wh/km for small to large car models.

    “Indeed, the usable percentage of the battery can vary from 78% to 95% of the rated capacity, and by the energy consumption ranging from 117 to 166 Wh/km for small-large cars models.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 2015, the driving range of commercially available EVs varied between 85 and 528 km.

    “From Ref. [15], in 2015, the driving range of commercially available EVs varies between 85 and 528 km.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    WPT for charging has the potential of being more reliable under extreme weather conditions and of offering a lower environmental impact and more safety benefits than conventional wired charging systems.

    “WPT for charging has the potential of being more reliable under extreme weather conditions and of offering a lower environmental impact and more safety benefits than conventional wired charging systems [16]; however, WPT has some technical issues that include the imperfect”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Ahmad, 2018, A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    EV-ONCS has very low implementation cost.

    “EV-ONCS avoids demand rebound of classic methods and allows a peak-to-average ratio reduction demonstrating the relief for the grid with very low implementation cost.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The operational battery energy of commercially available EVs varies from about 20 kWh to 90 kWh.

    “This is determined in part by the operational battery energy, which varies from about 20 kWh to 90 kWh.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Typical residential load demand data for Quebec are generated using the model of real-time emulation system proposed in [33].

    “The data of typical residential load demand for Quebec are generated using the model of real-time emulation system proposed in [33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Guzman, 2019, Real-Time Emulation of Residential Buildings by Hardware Solution of Multi-Layer Model, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Li-ion technology is dominant in almost all cars that are sold.

    “It is to be noticed that Li-ion technology is dominant in almost all cars that are sold.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The usable percentage of an EV battery can vary from 78% to 95% of rated capacity.

    “Indeed, the usable percentage of the battery can vary from 78% to 95% of the rated capacity, and by the energy consumption ranging from 117 to 166 Wh/km for small-large cars models.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Most cars sold use a battery voltage between 300 and 450 V.

    “The battery voltage can vary from 277.5 V (iQ EV), which is relatively low, to up to high values such as 650 V (Concept One) or 740 V (Coupé); however, most of the cars sold use a voltage between 300 and 450 V.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Grunditz, 2016, Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These results can vary depending on the driving cycle, each vehicle's efficiency and the number of vehicles by household.

    “These results can vary depend- ing on the driving cycle, each vehicle's efficiency and the number of vehicles by household.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Almost all electricity in Quebec comes from hydropower, and Quebec's main energy source is renewable hydropower.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    With installation of a 240 V outlet, the user can benefit from charging level 2, which reduces to less than one half of the regular time it takes to charge the EV.

    “It is also reported since 2009 that 89% of the households that owned or intended to buy an EV had access to an external 120 V AC outlet for EV charging [36]; however, it is recognized that with the installation of a 240 V outlet, the user can benefit from charging level 2, which reduces to less than one half of the regular time it takes to charge the EV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The simulation framework offers the possibility to test new scenarios and different EV charging strategies.

    “Moreover, having in mind that the EV penetration has not been sufficiently analysed, the simulation framework offers the possibility to test new scenarios and different EV charging strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: EV penetration has not been sufficiently analysed.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The charging process starts with constant current mode and finishes with constant voltage, and follows the typical OCV-SoC behaviour of Li-ion batteries.

    “The charging process starts with constant current mode and finishes with constant voltage, and follows the typical open circuit voltage-state of charge (OCV-SoC) behaviour of Li-ion batteries [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Ahmed, 2014, Reduced-Order Electrochemical Model Parameters Identification and SOC Estimation for Healthy and Aged Li-Ion Batteries Part I: Parameterization Model Development for Healthy Batteries, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    An average gasoline passenger car running 11,500 m (18,507 km) per year can produce the equivalent to 4.6 metric tons of CO2 yearly.

    “an average gasoline passenger car running 11,500 m (18,507 km) per year can produce the equivalent to 4.6 metric tons of CO 2 yearly”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Li, 2019, An evolutionary analysis on the effect of government policies on electric vehicle diffusion in complex network, Energy Policy source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed framework can be adapted and extended to study EVs high penetration into distribution networks in other countries, provided information on building characteristics, meteorological conditions, typical energy consumption profiles, and electrical network characteristics is available.

    “It should be noted that even if, for this study, the proposed framework is used for the case of Quebec, it can be adapted and extended to the study of the problem of EVs high penetration into distribution networks in the context of other countries.The only condition for doing this is the availability of information on the characteristics of the buildings (heat loss coefficients and construction s”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The power demand is well distributed over time, the difference between the peak and the average profile decreases, and the stability of the network can be guaranteed.

    “This means that the power demand is well distributed over time, the difference between the peak and the average profile decreases and the stability of the network can be guaranteed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Both strategies can be used with the objective of electricity bill reduction when time modulated tariffs exist.

    “Further, we should highlight that both strategies can be used with the objective of electricity bill reduction when time modulated tariffs exist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During winter, the same EV battery can take almost 4 h to be fully charged, while in summer it can be charged in 2.69 h.

    “For example, during winter, the same EV battery can take almost 4 h to be fully charged, while in the summer, it can be charged in 2.69 h [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Fleetcarma (2020). The Geography of EV Charging, Fleetcarma. Available online: https://www.fleetcarma.com/geography-of-ev-charging/.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The strategy helps to mitigate the negative impact of EV in the residential sector and contributes to demand-side management.

    “This means that the strategy helps to mitigate the negative impact of EV in the residential sector and contributes to demand-side management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed EV-ONCS is applicable under realistic conditions with low complexity.

    “The second contribution is the strategy proposed and applicable under realistic conditions with low complexity; there is no need to implement a complex communication system from the supplier side because the strategy can be applied locally.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Li-ion battery pack costs are predicted to be 94 USD/kWh by 2024 and 62 USD/kWh by 2030.

    “Moreover, it is important to consider the costs of the Li-ion battery packs and the forecasts for the upcoming years, which show predictions of 94 USD/kWh by 2024 and 62 USD/kWh by 2030 [23,24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Vidal, 2019, xEV Li-Ion Battery Low-Temperature Effects—Review, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. source
    • cites [24] Kah, M. (2019). Electric Vehicle Penetration and Its Impact on Global Oil Demand: A Survey of 2019 Forecast Trends. COLUMBIA Center on Global Energy Policy, Available online: https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/electric-vehicle-penetration-and-its-impact-global-oil-demand-survey-2019-forecast-trends.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Since 2009, 89% of households that owned or intended to buy an EV had access to an external 120 V AC outlet for EV charging.

    “It is also reported since 2009 that 89% of the households that owned or intended to buy an EV had access to an external 120 V AC outlet for EV charging [36]; however, it is recognized that with the installation of a 240 V outlet, the user can benefit from charging level 2, which reduces to less than one half of the regular time it takes to charge the EV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] (2020, June 03). Hydro-Québec—Transportation Electrification. Electric Vehicle Charging Times and Locations. Technical Report. Available online: https://www.hydroquebec.com/transportation-electrification/electric-vehicles/charging.html.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The proposed simulation framework provides a tool for analysing the impact of EV massive charging on the distribution grid and the customer interest, including the impact on the electricity bill.

    “The first contribution of this paper is a simulation framework that provides a tool for analysing the impact of EV massive charging on the distribution grid and the customer interest, with the impact on the electricity bill, so both interfered sides are covered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydro-Quebec does not yet employ time modulated tariffs, but two rates depending on the daily energy consumption, the first 40 kWh are billed at a low rate, and the exceeding kWhs at a higher rate.

    “For example, the Quebec DSO, Hydro-Quebec, does not yet employ time modulated tariffs, but two rates depending on the daily energy consumption, the first 40kWh are billed at a low rate, and the exceeding kWhs at a higher rate [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] (2021, August 11). Hydro-Québec—Distribution. 2021 Electricity Rates. Technical Report. Available online: https://www.hydroquebec.com/data/documents-donnees/pdf/electricity-rates.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    About 90% of EV charging needs are covered at home and at work rather than at public charging stations, as stated by Hydro-Quebec.

    “As stated by the utility provider Hydro-Quebec, about 90% of the EV charging needs are covered at home and at work rather than at public charging stations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The proposed local EV charging strategy can be implemented without complex communication infrastructure and using low-cost processors.

    “We would like to remark that the deployment of the proposed local EV charging strategy requires chargers with bidirectional and modulated power; however, it can be implemented without complex communication infrastructure and using low-cost processors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Coordinated optimal management strategies, including local or distributed energy storage, can be complementary solutions for implementing ancillary services; however, they entail additional and non-negligible capital and maintenance costs.

    “Coordinated optimal management strategies, including local or distributed energy storage, can be complementary solutions for implementing ancillary services; however, they entail additional and non-negligible capital and maintenance costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed strategy helps to improve the load factor and therefore the efficiency of the electrical system.

    “Thus, it helps to improve the load factor and therefore the efficiency of the electrical system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The proposed local overnight EV charging strategy (EV-ONCS), based on the estimation of the EV and residential building needs by Gaussian-core kernel models, permits the proper integration of electric vehicles taking into account different sizes of electric vehicles and without negative impact on peak-to-average ratio.

    “The proposed local overnight EV charging strategy (EV-ONCS), based on the estimation of the EV and residential building needs by Gaussian-core kernel models, permits the proper integration of electric vehicles taking into account different sizes of electric vehicles and without negative impact on peak-to-average ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The deployment of the proposed local EV charging strategy requires chargers with bidirectional and modulated power.

    “We would like to remark that the deployment of the proposed local EV charging strategy requires chargers with bidirectional and modulated power; however, it can be implemented without complex communication infrastructure and using low-cost processors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Evaluating emissions for other jurisdictions with different types of primary sources requires reevaluating the equivalence factors.

    “evaluating emissions for other jurisdictions with different types of primary sources requires reevaluating the equivalence factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Almost all electricity in Quebec comes from hydropower, and Quebec's main energy source is renewable hydropower.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The scenarios proposed and implemented in the framework reflect the effects of the low outdoor temperatures of Canada with the combination of space heating and electric vehicles.

    “Considering that the scenarios proposed and implemented in the framework reflect the effects of the low outdoor temperatures of Canada with the combination of space heating and electric vehicles, the proposed solution is realistic and valuable for similar real-life scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    EV penetration has not been sufficiently analysed.

    “Moreover, having in mind that the EV penetration has not been sufficiently analysed, the simulation framework offers the possibility to test new scenarios and different EV charging strategies.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    240 V (or 208 V) outlets are available in each residential building and allow each user to plug in and recharge the EV at the power defined by the onboard charger.

    “We consider that 240 V (or 208 V) outlets are available in each residential building and allow each user to plug in and recharge the EV at the power defined by the onboard charger.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All EV chargers offer the possibility of bidirectional and modulated power and can communicate and exchange information with the local energy management or measurement system of each residential building.

    “We also consider that all EV chargers offer the possibility of bidirectional and modulated power.They can communicate and exchange information with the local energy management or measurement system of each residential building.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Almost all electricity in Quebec comes from hydropower, and Quebec's main energy source is renewable hydropower.

    “In the particular case of the study, almost 100% of electricity in Quebec comes from hydropower.”
    “In the case of Quebec, the main energy source is renewable hydropower.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The main objective of the massive integration of EVs in distribution networks is the reduction in CO2 emissions.

    “The main objective of the massive EVs integration in distribution networks is the reduction in CO 2 emissions.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • House #6 is assigned two different battery sizes

    Minor

    The text assigns house #6 a 50 kWh battery, then says house #6 has a 90 kWh battery in the same comparison.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Mihov, M., and Rademaekers, K. (2018, January 27). Post 2020 CO2 emission targets for cars and vans: The right level of ambition?. Proceedings of the European Union Proceedings, Brussels, Belgium.
  2. Agah, M., and Abbasi, A. (2012, January 24–25). The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on residential distribution transformers. Proceedings of the 2012 2nd Iranian Conference on Smart Grids, ICSG 2012, Tehran, Iran.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cardenas, A., Guzman, C., & Martinez, W.
Affiliations
  • Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (CA)
  • Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
  • KU Leuven (BE)
Corresponding author
Cardenas, Alben
ORCID
Venue
Vehicles
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-01
Volume
3
Issue
3
Pages
557-577
ISSN
2624-8921 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/vehicles3030034
OpenAlex
W3198254577
Cited by
19
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3
FWCI
0.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Vehicles (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Ministère des relations internationales et de la Francophonie
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
Keywords
electric vehicle charging, overnight charging, load shifting, residential electricity demand, peak-to-average power ratio, rebound effect, grid load management, winter, EV charging strategies, Quebec

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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