The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, several techniques have been developed to measure implicit social cognition. Despite their increased use, little attention has been devoted to their reliability and validity. This article undertakes a direct assessment of the interitem consistency, stability, and convergent validity of some implicit attitude measures. Attitudes toward blacks and whites were measured on four separate occasions, each 2 weeks apart, using three relatively implicit measures (response-window evaluative priming, the Implicit Association Test, and the response-window Implicit Association Test) and one explicit measure (Modern Racism Scale). After correcting for interitem inconsistency with latent variable analyses, we found that (a) stability indices improved and (b) implicit measures were substantially correlated with each other, forming a single latent factor. The psychometric properties of response-latency implicit measures have greater integrity than recently suggested.
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“many indirect measures suffer from low reliability, the only exception being the IAT and the AMP (Gawronski & De Houwer 2014, Greenwald & Lai 2020). Thus, for indirect mea- sures with low reliability, discrepancies with direct measures may be driven by differences in their reliability rather than by lack of awareness (Cunningham et al. 2001).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Cunningham et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“The IAT is a dual-categorization task that has good psychometric properties (Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Hofmann et al., 2005) and is linked to basic neural and affective processes relevant to implicit race bias (Cunningham, Raye, & Johnson, 2004; Phelps et al., 2000).”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001
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“The use of such measures necessarily assumes that individuals have both the ability and the motivation to report attitudes and beliefs accurately, assumptions that do not stand up to scrutiny (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).”
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The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits
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(2003) · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225 · Cited by 1,829
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109 · Cited by 2,031
Metadata
- Authors
- Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cunningham, William A.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-170
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2098098526
- Cited by
- 968
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 113.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57672, R01MH057672)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- implicit attitudes, reliability statistics, convergent validity, test-retest stability, Implicit Association Test, affective priming, racial attitudes, latent factor structure, response latency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Prejudice, Projective Techniques, Psychometrics, Semantic Differential, Reproducibility of Results
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