To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits
Abstract
We examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures. After detailing arguments pro and con, we conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of parcels cannot be dismissed out of hand. In large part, the decision to parcel or not depends on one's philosophical stance regarding scientific inquiry (e.g., empiricist vs. pragmatist) and the substantive goal of a study (e.g., to understand the structure of a set of items or to examine the nature of a set of constructs). Prior to creating parcels, however, we recommend strongly that investigators acquire a thorough understanding of the nature and dimensionality of the items to be parceled. With this knowledge in hand, various techniques for creating parcels can be utilized to minimize potential pitfalls and to optimize the measurement structure of constructs in SEM procedures. A number of parceling techniques are described, noting their strengths and weaknesses.
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One criticism of item parceling is that it may obscure multi-dimensionality.
“One criticism of item parceling is that it may obscure multi-dimensionality [63].”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
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de Bérail, P., Guillon, M., & Bungener, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.007 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Trépanier, S.-G., Forest, J., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2015) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2015.1074957 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Van Petegem, S., Beyers, W., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025307 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The role of metacognitions in problematic Internet use
Spada, M. M., Langston, B., Nikčević, A. V., & Moneta, G. B. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.12.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Rossi, A., Panzeri, A., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02177 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“More in detail, since four scales were unidimensional (FCV-19S, RSE, ANX, and the DEP), item parcels were created using the “item-to-construct balance strategy” (Bandalos and Finney, 2001; Little et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2010) – by inspecting factor loadings resulting from each measurement model (Little et al.”
MethodMeasuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences
Fernandez, A. C., Wood, M. D., Stein, L. A. R., & Rossi, J. S. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0021742 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.08.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Personality predictors of leadership styles and the self–other agreement problem
de Vries, R. E. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cheng, S.-T. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn027 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Dettmers, J. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1298164 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Espelage, D. L., Low, S., Rao, M. A., Hong, J. S., & Little, T. D. (2014) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12060 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees
Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Syväoja, H. J., Tammelin, T. H., Ahonen, T., Kankaanpää, A., & Kantomaa, M. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103559 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Holzberger, D., Philipp, A., & Kunter, M. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.02.001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Brent Donnellan, M., Kenny, D. A., Trzesniewski, K. H., Lucas, R. E., & Conger, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.07.005 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Parceling is not a terribly controversial approach with undimensional measures (see Little et al., 2002).”
BackgroundFive facets mindfulness questionnaire—reliability and factor structure: a Swedish version
Lilja, J. L., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Hanse, J. J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L.-G., Sköld, C., Hansen, E., & Broberg, A. G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.580367 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Assor, A., Soenens, B., Yitshaki, N., Ezra, O., Geifman, Y., & Olshtein, G. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09809-2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Moberg, K. (2014) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2014.05.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
- Authors
- Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-173
- ISSN
- 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2006763260
- Cited by
- 6,552
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 467 · 2025: 345 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 358 · 2022: 431 · 2021: 423 · 2020: 426 · 2019: 432 · 2018: 372 · 2017: 367 · 2016: 380 · 2015: 343 · 2014: 345 · 2013: 303 · 2012: 304
- FWCI
- 51.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- parceling, manifest variables, measurement structure, construct measurement, dimensionality, measurement invariance
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