The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visual Recognition of Biological Motion is Impaired in Children With Autism
Abstract
Autistic children and typically developing control children were tested on two visual tasks, one involving grouping of small line elements into a global figure and the other involving perception of human activity portrayed in point-light animations. Performance of the two groups was equivalent on the figure task, but autistic children were significantly impaired on the biological motion task. This latter deficit may be related to the impaired social skills characteristic of autism, and we speculate that this deficit may implicate abnormalities in brain areas mediating perception of human movement.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging studies that have examined the neuronal correlates of ToM tasks frequently reveal active regions of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS, associated with biological motion perception; Blake et al., 2003), as well as inferior frontal regions (including the putative ‘mirror neuron’ system), and the anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (Frith and Frith, 1999;”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Blake et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Studies using point-light displays, which allow motion perception without the confound of form, reveal that children with ASD fail to preferentially attend to biological over non-social motion (Klin et al., 2009, Blake et al., 2003, Annaz et al., 2012).”
From The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Blake et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“In addition, Blake et al. (2003) plotted the individual d 0 scores for the ASD group as a function of their ''level”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Blake et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“Note that some 25% (4/16) of Blake et al.'s (2003) original ASD sample could not complete the biological motion task and 3 of these could not complete the form task either.These were all children with lower scores on a test of expressive language.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Blake et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“Blake et al. (2003) calculated a d 0 score for the biological motion task and found that their typically developing group performed significantly better in this task than their ASD group with mean d 0 of close to 2.5 and close to 1, respectively.This is despite the two groups showing equivalent performance on a control ''pathfinder”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Blake et al. (2003)
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Brainard, D. H. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00357 · Cited by 20,012
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis
Johansson, G. (1973) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212378 · Cited by 4,441
(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724
Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region
Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01501-1 · Cited by 2,461
Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local “association field”
Field, D. J., Hayes, A., & Hess, R. F. (1993) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90156-q · Cited by 1,615
Recognizing friends by their walk: Gait perception without familiarity cues
Cutting, J. E., & Kozlowski, L. T. (1977) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337021 · Cited by 1,104
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kanner L., 1943, Nervous Child, 2, 217
- Kaufman A.S., 1983, K-ABC: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
- Williams T.K., 1997, Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–567 of 567
Yamaguchi, M. K. (2010) · JAPANESE ORTHOPTIC JOURNAL · doi:10.4263/jorthoptic.039t001
真洋, 平. (2016) · 心理学評論 · doi:10.24602/sjpr.59.3_259
Generalized timing impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorders across time scales and paradigmsPreprint
Isaksson, S., Salomäki, S., Tuominen, J., Arstila, V., Falter, C. M., & Noreika, V. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9tgy5
On the Study of Autistic Individuals’ Biological Motion Perception and Its Clinical Application
李, 开. (2018) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2018.85081
身体に根ざした社会的認知の生涯発達:身体の「内側」と「外側」の視点から
真洋, 平. (2017) · 基礎心理学研究 · doi:10.14947/psychono.36.29
Visual motion perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Li, K., Chen, G., & Fu, X. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00831
Experience Dependent Sensorimotor Functioning in Adults with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oulton, J. (2019) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00011673
Understanding Minds: Essays on Social Cognition
Westfall, M. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Carroll, A. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/hzak-vj84
Motion processing in children with autism
Manning, C. (2014) · IOE EPrints
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-992031/v1
Mottron, L. (2004) · Mardaga eBooks · doi:10.3917/mard.mottr.2004.01.0207
Fletcher, P. C., & Corlett, P. (2009) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1159519.619896
Fishing for Sociality: How What We See Helps us With Social Interactions
Nunes, A. R., Félix, A. S., & Oliveira, R. F. (2022) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2022.673590
Nader‐Grosbois, N. (2011) · Questions de personne · doi:10.3917/dbu.nader.2011.01.0403
Gilbert, A. L., & Kazlas, M. A. (2018) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94458-6_8
Schuwerk, T., & Paulus, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102206
Behrman, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_592
PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN ONLINE-BASED GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION
Sary, K. A., Karim, A., Irawan, B., & Hananah, N. (2021) · Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen · doi:10.30650/jem.v15i1.2177
(2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179675.002.0001
(2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179675.001.0001.002.003
(2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179675.001.0001.002.005
Inokuchi, R., Ichikawa, H., Yamamoto, M., & Takemura, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2037171/v1
A Systematic Survey of Technology Driven Diagnosis for ASDPreprint
Singh, U., Shukla, S., & Gore, M. M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2137274/v1
Spatial Frequency Tuning of Body Inversion Effects
D’Argenio, G., Finisguerra, A., & Urgesi, C. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020190
de Gelder, B., Solanas, M. P., & Seinfeld, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_99-1 · Cited by 2
Amigó, U. C. L., Durango, A. M. F., González-Zuluaga, V. M., Amigó, U. C. L., Herrera, J., Amigó, U. C. L., Zapata-García, T. V., Amigó, U. C. L., Zuluaga, P. A. M., & Amigó, U. C. L. (2016) · Eleuthera · doi:10.17151/10.17151/eleu.2016.14.2 · Cited by 3
Yang, D., Svoboda, A. M., George, T. G., Mansfield, P. K., Wheelock, M. D., Schroeder, M. L., Rafferty, S. M., Sherafati, A., Tripathy, K., Burns‐Yocum, T. M., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3959343/v1
Algısal Karar Verme Süreçleri Çerçevesinde İnsan Hareketlerini Tanıma
Urgen, B. A., & Evsen, Ş. (2024) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1344345
Visual preferences for biological motion following the stepping reflex in five-month-old infants
Lisboa, I. C., Serra, J. F., Kaduk, K., Pereira, A. F., & Reid, V. M. (2026) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2026.2671278
Multi-level processing of emotions in life motion signals revealed through pupil responsesPreprint
Yuan, T., Wang, L., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89873.2
Vlasceanu, A., de la Rosa, S., & Barraclough, N. E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76488-6 · Cited by 1
Visual Preferences for Biological Motion Following the Stepping Reflex in Five-Month-Old InfantsPreprint
Lisboa, I. C., Serra, J. F., Kaduk, K., Pereira, A. F., & Reid, V. M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5223344
Stefanidou, C. A. (2014) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Biological motion stimuli reveals the severity of the social deficits of ASD: an EEG study
Chen, B., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Chen, C., He, R., Wang, G., Xu, P., Li, F., & Yao, D. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111513
Le lien à l'animal permet-il une récupération sociale et cognitive chez l'enfant avec autisme?
Grandgeorge, M. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
Hannigen, S. F. (2010) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Eggebrecht, A. T., Dworetsky, A., Hawks, Z., Coalson, R. S., Adeyemo, B., Davis, S. C., Gray, D., McMichael, A., Petersen, S. E., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120666
Additional file 1 of Biological motion perception in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Todorova, G. K., Hatton, R. E. M., & Pollick, F. E. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11405835
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336939
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336957
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336936
Additional file 2 of Biological motion perception in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Todorova, G. K., Hatton, R. E. M., & Pollick, F. E. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11405841
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336951
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336945
Mason, L., Shic, F., Falck-Ytter, T., Chakrabarti, B., Charman, T., Loth, E., Tillmann, J., Banaschewski, T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Bölte, S., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17210335
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336948
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336942
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336954
Additional file 3 of Biological motion perception in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Todorova, G. K., Hatton, R. E. M., & Pollick, F. E. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11405850
Understanding emotions through biological motion in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Gavrilova, E., Novoselova, K., Myachykov, A., & Юрьевич, Ш. Ю. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202833
Poom, L., Loogna, W., & Carstensen, E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343061
Saitovitch, A. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ddd5f246z0fe4z4134z8a28z27d0a24aed40
Quesque, F. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5fa2efd4z7366z4136zb705z8e17edbb28cd
Research Progress on Animate Attention Bias in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
赵, 欣. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.164185
The active self in autism: multisensory and sensorimotor foundations of bodily self-representation
Najafabadi, A. J., & Rastegari, A. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08756-w · Cited by 1
Trivedi, N. (2012) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/25285
(Re-)Conceptualisation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Burnett, H. G. (2012) · Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull)
Étude du traitement visuel simple et complexe chez les enfants autistes
Rivest, J. B. (2013) · doi:10.71781/18777
Function and structure of the mirror neuron system in autism
Perkins, T. J. (2014)
Kognition und Intelligenz : eine fMRT-Studie
Langohr, S. K. (2011) · Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) · doi:10.22028/d291-21704
Metadata
- Authors
- Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Department of Psychology and Human Development
- Department of Psychology
- Corresponding author
- Blake, Randolph
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-157
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2106126272
- Cited by
- 571
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 13.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (T3207226)
- National Eye Institute (EY07760, R01EY007760)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, biological motion perception, visual grouping, social skills deficits, children
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Motion Perception, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Closure, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Reference Values, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review