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Patterns of Interaction in ESL Pair Work
Abstract
This study investigated the nature of dyadic interaction in an adult ESL classroom. The study was longitudinal, classroom based, and examined the nature of interaction between 10 pairs of adult ESL students over a range of language tasks and over time (a semester). Four distinct patterns of dyadic interaction were found. These patterns are distinguishable in terms of equality and mutuality (Damon & Phelps, 1989). More importantly, the findings suggest that certain patterns of dyadic interaction are more conducive than others to language learning. These findings are explained by reference to Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
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“Storch's (2002) model of patterns of interaction, based on Damon and Phelps (1989), has been particularly influential here because it draws attention to mutuality in particular as impacting on success of task-based interaction between peers.”
From Exploring Engagement in Tasks in the Language Classroom (2016) · cites this paper as Storch (2002)
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Academic and linguistic gains during a semester-long study abroad: A cohort case study
Cai, W., Li, X., & Liu, M. (2013) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2013.3.4.4 · Cited by 10
“An increasing number of linguists have examined second/foreign language (SL/FL) learning and acquisition within Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural framework (Lantolf & Pavlenko, 1995; Nassaji & Swain, 2000; Pavlenko, 1998; Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundIntragroup Conflicts during Collaborative Writing in an ESL/EFL Preparatory Programme
Pathinathan, S., & Fung, Y. M. (2012) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/ijalel.v.1n.7p.8 · Cited by 10
“Language instructors have been using collaborative writing at the tertiary levels (Lee, 2011; Luca & Tarricone, 2001; Storch, 2002, 2005, 2011; Yong 2010, 2011).”
MethodThe effect of learner–learner interactions on a multiple-choice discourse completion task
Chen, Y. (2016) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2016.02.001 · Cited by 10
Mirahmadi, S. H., & Alavi, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v6n2p43 · Cited by 10
Review of selected research in applied linguistics published in Australia (2008–2014)
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Kaweera, C., Yawiloeng, R., & Tachom, K. (2019) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v12n10p1 · Cited by 11
“It is noted from previous research both in L1 and L2 learners that joint production method is a way to foster reflective thinking (Storch, 2002; Storch, 2005).”
ResultReflective learning practice for promoting adolescent EFL learners’ attention to form
Dao, P., Nguyen, M. X. N. C., & Chi, D. N. (2020) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2020.1766467 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, the benefits of peer interaction to L2 learning are susceptible to a variety of contextual and social factors such as learners’ pair/group dynamics (Storch 2002), collaborative mindset – a disposition toward the need of being collaborative in interaction (Sato 2017b), learners’ perceptions of their…”
BackgroundGinting, R. S. B., & Fithriani, R. (2022) · LLT Journal A Journal on Language and Language Teaching · doi:10.24071/llt.v25i2.4879 · Cited by 10
“Peer scaffolding occurred when students worked in pairs (Levine et al., 2012; O’Neill & Russell, 2019; Storch, 2002), and peer evaluation increased interaction and co-construction of knowledge.”
BackgroundExploring the use of student perspectives to inform topics in teacher education
Arnett, K. (2008) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 10
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Cook, J. (2015) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.17507/jltr.0602.02 · Cited by 10
“These opportunities occur most frequently during NNS/NNS interactions (Pica, 1994; Varonis & Gass, 1985) and expert/novice interaction (Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundPromoting Noticing Through Collaborative Feedback Tasks in EFL College Writing Classrooms
Barnawi, O. Z. (2010) · International journal on teaching and learning in higher education · Cited by 10
Extroversion and group oral performance: A mixed quantitative and discourse analysis approach
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“Social engagement relates particularly to the relationship among learners, especially in terms of reciprocity and mutuality (Storch, 2002) and interactiveness (Svalberg, 2009, 2018), and emotional/affective engagement is referred to as feelings, emotions or attitude toward the task, context, and…”
Yang, Y., & Lin, C. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2513988 · Cited by 12
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“…interaction has long been recognised as beneficial for L2 learning, such as offering students opportunities to co-construct knowledge, receive feedback from their peers and engage in peer scaffolding to enhance understanding and use of target language (Storch 2002; Philp et al. 2014).”
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“In L2 writing classrooms, peer feedback tasks are likely to engage learners to provide revisions and corrections on each other’s use of language (Storch, 2002; Swain & Lapkin, 1998).”
BackgroundPair dynamics and language-related episodes in child EFL task-based peer interaction
Pladevall‐Ballester, E. (2021) · Language Teaching for Young Learners · doi:10.1075/ltyl.20007.pla · Cited by 9
The Adoption of Task-Based Language Teaching in Diverse Contexts
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“The work of Li (2014), Li and Kim (2016), and Storch (2002) was used as a guide to investigate interaction patterns to answer Research Question 1.”
BackgroundMethodChallenges Encountered During Synchronous Online Collaborative Writing via Google Docs
Irshad, M. (2021) · International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijwltt.287554 · Cited by 9
“…tool and the interest in using it for teaching writing is apparent, the aim of this research was to conduct a study to investigate the problems/challenges of synchronous on-line collaborative writing when learners interact linguistically (Storch, 2002) in small groups to complete a writing task.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInvestigations into EFL Students’ Pragmatic and Grammatical Awareness through Peer Collaboration
Chiu, E. F.-Y., Chen, Y., & Tai, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710568 · Cited by 9
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“…researchers applying sociocultural theory to the study of L2 learning maintain that learners can have a positive impact on each other’s development because they can act as both novices and experts since no two learners have the same strength and weaknesses (Donato, 1994; Ohta, 2001; Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundTo Challenge the Unchallenged: Potential of Non-"Standard" Englishes for Japanese EFL Learners
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“As Storch (2002) mentions, Donato’s findings are significant for research on peer interaction in that the findings emphasise the need to take into consideration the type of peer interaction functioning in any research on peer interaction.”
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Yoshida, R. (2020) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12477 · Cited by 12
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“For the analysis, this study applied the stages of content analysis: coding, categorizing, and interpreting, which were also used by Storch (2002) as the method of her study on pattern of interaction on ESL pair work.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCurriculum Design and Language Learning: An Analysis of English Textbooks in Brazil
Rodrigues, E. N. (2015) · Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1/ · Cited by 9
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Davison, I. (2024) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2024.101128 · Cited by 8
Sato, M., Salas, G., Freeborn, L., & Tajabadi, A. (2025) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3408 · Cited by 12
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Inclusivity, friendship and language learning: boosting collaboration in interactive groups
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“Nevertheless, it does not appear to be the case that difference in levels between peers is typically a factor that causes difficulties (Storch 2001); however, what does seem to be decisive is the type of interaction (Storch 2002a).”
BackgroundGillen, A., & Canavan, J. (2023) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcad180 · Cited by 8
Tai, Y. A. (2015) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · Cited by 8
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Interaction in a Constructivist Classroom in a Malaysian Undergraduate ESL Setting
Dass, L. C., & Ferguson, P. (2011) · Malaysian Journal of ELT Research · Cited by 8
High Schools as Crucibles of College Prep: What More Do We Need to Know?
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Littman‐Ovadia, H., & Freidlin, P. (2021) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-021-00690-y · Cited by 8
Tanrıkulu, F. (2021) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611267.2021.1912469 · Cited by 8
“Peer tutoring, which is one of the groups and couple studies, is commonly used in education (Storch, 2002), at all levels (Bierman & Furman, 1981; Duran, Flores, Oller, & Ramírez, 2019).”
BackgroundRhys, M., & Smith, K. (2022) · Cylchgrawn Addysg Cymru / Wales Journal of Education · doi:10.16922/wje.24.1.1 · Cited by 9
Encouraging Second Language Use in Cooperative Learning Groups
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Dufficy, P. (2004) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1191/1362168804lr145oa · Cited by 8
“Further to actual content and design, pairs were selected to match children in what was thought might be productive combinations (see Storch, 2002, and Oliver, 2002, for discussions on productive groupings).”
BackgroundChapter 7. Languaging in wiki-based collaborative writing:
Li, M.-M. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.55.07li · Cited by 8
Peer Feedback in Second Language Oral Interaction
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“main focus of sociocultural studies on inter-mental mediation (Ohta, 2001; Storch, 2002; Swain, 2000; Swain et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialStyati, E. W., & Rodliyah, R. S. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v11i1.34659 · Cited by 8
The impact of interactive discussions on L2 Chinese composition writing
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“L2 22 learners pool their linguistic resources and ideas and also provide feedback to each other, thus composing more linguistically complex and grammatically accurate texts (Storch 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundCollaborative Language Learning
Storch, N. (2018) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0153.pub2 · Cited by 8
Self-citationKim, S. (2023) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2022.2073983 · Cited by 7
“…(e.g., Villamil & de Guerrero, 1996), L2 learners often use their L1 to activate a higher degree of cooperation and mutuality – ‘the level of engagement with each other’s contribution’ (Storch, 2002, p. 127) – or to address their affective need to mitigate negative feedback (Kim & Chang, 2022).”
BackgroundBehind the scenes: exploring learners’ collaborative writing interactions and strategies
Alsahil, A. A. (2022) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2022.2157444 · Cited by 7
“…themselves, others, and the world (Lantolf et al., 2015) In the L2 realm, social interaction plays a pivotal role in language learning: knowledge is built and constructed through engaging in joint activities that involve deliberation about language-related problems (Donato, 1994; Storch, 2002).”
InfluentialEnhancing Young Learners’ Peer Collaboration: Pedagogical Ideas for Language Teachers
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Miyagi, K., Sato, M., & Crump, A. (2009) · JALT Journal · doi:10.37546/jaltjj31.2-6 · Cited by 7
“Although Japan has never been physically colonized and forced to use English, the postwar willingness to accept Anglo-centric language and culture without question prevails (Suzuki, 1999). Tsuda (1990) warns that Japanese EFL learners are being “mentally” colonized by this process.”
BackgroundMethodChen, W., & Lee, Y. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221087267 · Cited by 7
“Researchers have investigated language learning opportunities by focusing on analyzing patterns of interaction (Storch, 2002) and “languaging” opportunities that collaborative writing can afford learners (Swain, 2006).”
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Observing language-related episodes in intact classrooms
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“In a similar vein, Storch (2002) examined various patterns of didactic interaction and the impact the nature of the interaction had on L2 development outcomes over time.”
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Preface The Origins and Growth of Task-Based Language Teaching
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The influence of task complexity and task modality on learners’ topic and turn management
Ren, W., Peng, Y., & Wu, Y. (2023) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2023-0040 · Cited by 6
Exploring the potential of brief peer review training in enhancing student feedback literacy
Man, D., Chau, M. H., Zainal, A. Z., & Rummy, J. T. (2024) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2023-0278 · Cited by 6
“The positive e ff ect of peer feedback comes from student reviewers ’ input on the writing under evaluation and the peer interactions wherein the feedback givers and recipients negotiate meanings related to the writing topic (Storch 2002).”
Social Software in the Classroom: The Case of Wikis for Scaffolding
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“Equality deals with “the degree of control or authority over a task”, and mutuality concerns “the level of engagement with each other’s contribution” (Storch, 2002, p. 127).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSirisatit, R. (2010) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 6
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“Compared to other studies on group writing (Dobao, 2012; Shehadeh, 2011; Storch, 2002, 2005) this study has investigated the nature of student collaboration in a writing classroom by specifically looking at the type of learning that takes place when an instructor is involved.”
InfluentialQureshi, M. A. (2018) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2015-0062 · Cited by 6
Oral interactions in a writing group as mediating artefacts
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“…the main moderating factors of collaborative work, but the relationship between pair members, the pattern of interaction co-constructed by both learners and their perceptions of the partner’s language competence that might have greater impact (Storch 2002; Watanabe and Swain 2007; Watanabe 2008).”
BackgroundLanguaging when providing and processing peer feedback
Storch, N., & Alshuraidah, A. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.55.05sto · Cited by 6
Self-citationAlwahoub, H. M., Azmi, M. N. L., & Halabieh, M. (2020) · LANGUAGE LITERACY Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching · doi:10.30743/ll.v4i1.2499 · Cited by 6
“php/languageliteracy 18 Nationally Accredited and indexed in DOAJ learners’ accuracy (Dobao 2012; Wigglesworth & Storch, 2009; McDonough & García, 2015; Storch & Wigglesworth, 2007). In another study about Colombian EFL learners, that compared students’ texts which were written collaboratively and those written indivi…”
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“…scaffolding via the use of language during contingent and collaborative teacherstudent interactions (Ellis & Barkhuizen, 2012; Lantolf & Poehner, 2014; Storch, 2002; Swain, 2000; Walqui, 2006; Wood et al., 1976) so as to constantly diagnose, build, and actualize learning within learner’s ZPD.”
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“…when they worked on a text-reconstruction task, “in which students were presented with content words and had to insert function words (e.g., prepositions, articles) and change word forms (e.g., for tense morphology) to produce a meaningful and grammatically correct text” (Storch, 2002, p. 125).”
BackgroundPour, A. M., & Tahriri, A. (2016) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2016.3616 · Cited by 6
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Relationship between Higher-Order Thinking Skills and L2 Performance
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Metadata
- Authors
- Storch, N.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Storch, Neomy
- ORCID
- Storch, Neomy
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-158
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W2092002315
- Cited by
- 1,080
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 82.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Keywords
- dyadic interaction, pair work, ESL learners, adult language learners, interaction patterns, Vygotsky, cognitive development, classroom interaction
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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