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Patterns of Interaction in ESL Pair Work
Abstract
This study investigated the nature of dyadic interaction in an adult ESL classroom. The study was longitudinal, classroom based, and examined the nature of interaction between 10 pairs of adult ESL students over a range of language tasks and over time (a semester). Four distinct patterns of dyadic interaction were found. These patterns are distinguishable in terms of equality and mutuality (Damon & Phelps, 1989). More importantly, the findings suggest that certain patterns of dyadic interaction are more conducive than others to language learning. These findings are explained by reference to Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
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“Storch's (2002) model of patterns of interaction, based on Damon and Phelps (1989), has been particularly influential here because it draws attention to mutuality in particular as impacting on success of task-based interaction between peers.”
From Exploring Engagement in Tasks in the Language Classroom (2016) · cites this paper as Storch (2002)
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Tian, J. (2011) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 6
Language Literacy: Journal Of Linguistics, Literature And Language Teaching
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Fan, M., Liu, X., Song, X., & Xie, J. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103738 · Cited by 5
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COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AS THE MANIFESTATION OF SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY: TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES
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“In the context of peer interaction, when L2 learners collaboratively engage in a task by contributing ideas, generating alternatives, and assessing the alternatives, the co-constructed knowledge results in internalization of this knowledge in individual learners (Donato, 1994; Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodology of Task-Based Language Teaching
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.013 · Cited by 6
Methodological Approaches to Investigating Task-Based Language Teaching
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“subject to individual personalities and the collaborative (or non-collaborative) nature of the interaction (Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundEffect of Alignment on Text Cohesion in the Continuation Task
Jiang, L., & Xu, X. (2016) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v9n10p133 · Cited by 5
“Storch (2005) was one of the first studies to address this issue.”
BackgroundKhodamoradi, A., Iravani, H., & Jafarigohar, M. (2013) · European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences · Cited by 5
Mehdiabadi, F., & Arabmofrad, A. (2014) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v6i6.6804 · Cited by 5
“During the reconstruction in dictogloss task learners can take more risks in production; they can feel more intimidated and develop the responsibility and positive collaboration when they work in a group (Storch, 2002).”
BackgroundThe effect of mechanical and meaningful production of output on learning English relative clauses
Abadikhah, S. (2012) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2012.01.001 · Cited by 6
Lin, M. (2011) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) · Cited by 5
Collaborative Language Learning
Storch, N. (2012) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0153 · Cited by 5
“This may occur either because the learners wrestle for control of the task or are unwilling to engage with each other’s suggestion (a relationship labeled “dominant/dominant” in Storch, 2002, 2009), or both of these, or instances where the pair cooperate rather than collaborate.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEfficacy of Formative Classroom Assessments in Theory and Practice
Clark, I. (2014) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 5
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.009 · Cited by 5
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“This supports previous research by Storch (2002) and Paulus and Roberts (2006), highlighting the importance of mutuality in small-group settings.”
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On the role of the interlocutor in second language development
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Teng, X., & Zhou, X. (2020) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v12i4.17376 · Cited by 4
“Particularly, Storch (2002) distinguished different patterns using the index of equality and mutuality.”
BackgroundSerafini, E. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108868327.005 · Cited by 5
L2 Writing Processes of Language Learners IN INDIVIDUAL AND COLLABORATIVE WRITING CONDITIONS
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“Exploring a task-based English learning and teaching practice: An integrated approach”
Zheng, C. (2022) · Power and Education · doi:10.1177/17577438211049131 · Cited by 6
“According to Storch (2002), and Zheng (2009, 2012), language learning is more likely to occur in groups that are collaborating or that interact in an expert/novice relationship.”
BackgroundLi, N., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1004924 · Cited by 4
“Employing scheme of dyadic interaction of Storch (2002a); Watanabe and Swain (2007) compared the interactions of four core learners co-constructing an essay with four higher- and four lowerproficiency learners, and found patterns of interaction, instead of proficiency pairing greatly impacted…”
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“Abundant research journals demonstrated that pair or group work could effectively increase students’ motivation to speak English actively and foster interactions between learners (Storch, 2002; Brandl, 2008; Kayi, 2006; Sakarkaya, 2013; Toro et al., 2019; Ho, 2020).”
BackgroundMitsugi, M., Hiromori, T., Yoshimura, M., & Kirimura, R. (2024) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/6/1/1 · Cited by 7
“Storch (2002) classified patterns of interaction in pair work in terms of “equality” and “mutuality,” which can probably be adopted in the similar way for groups.”
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Xu, J., & Shu, J. (2024) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688241269177 · Cited by 4
Albesher, K. B. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241290034 · Cited by 10
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Dictogloss or Dicto-Phrase: Which Works Better for Listening Comprehension?
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“Regarding the issues of collaboration and note-taking in dictogloss, Storch (2002) states that the whole procedure of dictogloss is interactive and student-centered.”
MethodAlsibai, D. M. (2017) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol8no2.24 · Cited by 4
“This realization has led to a revival of more focused grammar teaching (Ellis, 2016; Nassaji&Fotos, 2004; Pica, 1997; &Storch, 2002).”
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Yildiz, S. (2020) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2020..-660171 · Cited by 3
“Collaborative learning activities are used in this approach to engage learners in providing scaffolding on each other’s language production (Storch, 2002).”
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Self-citationNegotiation about Form across L2 Proficiency Levels and Its Role in Second Language Learning
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“Among the important interrelated factors influencing pair-work interaction and learning are collaborative orientation (Ohta, 2001; Storch, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2013; Swain and Lapkin, 1998, 2002), the quality/degrees of engagement (McDonough, 2004; Storch, 2008; Storch and Aldosari, 2012), learners’…”
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Interaction in the Language Classroom: A Systems Approach
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Teachers’ and Student’s Scaffolding in Second Language Learning
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E-Portfolio as a Corrective Platform towards EFL Students' Overall/Componential Writing Performance.
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“For data analysis, peer dialogues were recoded, transcribed and coded to identify students’ patterns of interactions in terms of collaborative, expert/novice, dominant/dominant and dominant/passive patterns, based on Storch’s (2002) scheme.”
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Siekmann, S. (2004) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 4
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“This activity basically consists of generating spaces in which two people or groups of people, who are receiving the same training, can discuss the texts they have written or are in the process of writing (Storch 2002).”
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Exploring patterns of interaction, LREs and writing performance of adolescent EFL learners
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“A learning type is considered “ collaborative, ” following a dyadic (or group) interaction pattern, where role relationships among members are characterized by moderate to high levels of equality and mutual involvement (Storch, 2002).”
InfluentialCognitive-Interactionist Perspectives
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“our study drew upon the coding scheme developed by storch (2002) and expanded by Zheng (2012) to examine how graduate students engage with one another during face-to-face peer review about their academic writing.”
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“Previous studies have investigated a few advantages of web-based asynchronous (Storch, 2002). collaborative writing, including facilitating learners’ expression of their thoughts and group interaction, improving their L2 writing ability and organization skills, and fostering learners’ collaborative…”
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“Storch (2002) refers this as ‘collective scaffolding' (p.121).”
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“Because such interactions between learners are thought to prompt learning, several studies have also investigated whether different interlocutors might affect the frequency of LREs (e.g., Leeser, 2004; Storch, 2002; Watanabe & Swain, 2007).”
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“Furthermore, Storch (2005) investigates in the writing skill in relation to the production, the processing, and at the same time to student’s experience on working collaboratively.”
BackgroundInfluentialCo-construction of Knowledge in Primary CLIL Group Work Activities
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Digital Media in the Language Classroom
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“Storch (2002) pointed out that a collaborative learning strategy in writing classes is helpful for brainstorming and discussing collaboratively and it is also supportive to the peer review and editing.”
BackgroundPeer Interaction by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Students in a Decision Making Task
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“…have been investigated varied from vocabulary (Ahmadian & Tajabadi, 2017), grammar (Ohta, 2000), reading, writing (Roberson, 2014; Storch, 2001a; Storch, 2002; Watanabe & Swain, 2007; Zheng, 2012) and speaking (Le, 2004; Le, 2007) which are classified into two types of oral and written…”
BackgroundMotivating repeated readers in an Extensive Reading class: A critical reflection on course design
Zacharias, N. T. (2017) · Indonesian JELT Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.25170/ijelt.v12i2.1475 · Cited by 3
Costa, P. I. D., Lee, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2022-0009 · Cited by 3
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“These results were similar to previous research’s findings on PI among adult learners who demonstrated different negative dynamics such as dominant-passive or passive-passive patterns of interaction due to mixed proficiency level (Dao & McDonough, 2017; Storch, 2002; Watanabe & Swain, 2007, 2008).”
ResultCarr, N. (2023) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2023.100720 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Storch, N.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Storch, Neomy
- ORCID
- Storch, Neomy
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-158
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W2092002315
- Cited by
- 1,080
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 82.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Keywords
- dyadic interaction, pair work, ESL learners, adult language learners, interaction patterns, Vygotsky, cognitive development, classroom interaction
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