The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 77 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Industry self-regulation: An institutional perspective
Open accessAbstract
Throughout the advanced countries of the world self‐regulatory regimes are being introduced. This article suggests that, at least in some contexts, industry self‐regulation can be an effective and efficient means of social control that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior) and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory. The article examines the strengths and to a lesser extent the weaknesses of industry self‐regulation from five closely related yet distinct vantage points: mediating institutions; industrial morality; institutionalizing responsibility; institutions responding to external pressure; and the roles of the state and third parties.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Own interpretation · 47 Sources not found · 12 No full text of the sources · 7 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Contrary to conventional wisdom, the most effective mechanism for maintaining market ``order'' and curbing trading abuses has proved to be informal mechanisms of social control rather than state regulation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > B. SELF-REGULATION IN THEORY: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunningham 1991 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This article suggests that, at least in some contexts, industry self-regulation can be an effective and efficient means of social control that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior) and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · boosted
“Indeed, there is growing evidence of a range of circumstances where self-regulation (either alone, or more commonly, in conjunction with other policy instruments) can be a remarkably effective and efficient means of social control.”
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · boosted
In the paper
“As for outcomes, suffice it to say that, at each project, accident rates dropped significantly as a result of the CCP (Rees 1988).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(d). The Gap Inc. Sourcing Principles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we will see in part VI, there is reason to believe that self-regulatory mechanisms underpinned by some form of state intervention are more resilient and effective than self-regulation in isolation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Much the same can be said of industry associations which, like persons, have multiple selves, a complexity that also reflects the complexity of the social world.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Walzer 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Throughout the advanced countries of the world self-regulatory regimes are being introduced.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“The past twenty years have witnessed a surge in self-regulatory regimes in the United States, Europe, and other advanced economies (see, e.g., Bardach & Kagan 1982;Washington and Lee Law Review 1988;Teubner, Farmer, & Murphy 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bardach & Kagan 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Washington and Lee Law Review 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Teubner, Farmer, & Murphy 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“INPO's much more sophisticated oversight effort has spent tens of millions of dollars over the past seventeen years developing a remarkably elaborate system for verifying and monitoring nuclear plant performance.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hence, we agree with Selznick that ``American management has produced a culture of short sidedness'' (Selznick 1992: 353) and that an institutional perspective has special relevance for addressing the problem.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Selznick 1992: 353
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good examples of this are the chemical manufacturing industry's Responsible Care program and the nuclear power industry's Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), a private regulatory bureaucracy created by the industry after the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident.What we find in each case is the emergence of a common meaning system at the industry level ± a new industrial morality”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And from this credibility gap follows the need for some kind of independent confirmation of the industry's claims, by checking their accuracy, by monitoring the actual performance of member companies, and so on.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 57
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And for reasons that will become clear as we proceed, the key to realizing that potential is the development of an effective industrial morality that brings the behavior of industry members within a normative ordering.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proponents and critics both have a point because the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of self-regulation varies enormously among industries, due partly to its social and economic context, which varies widely, and partly to the self-regulation program's institutional design, a highly variable matter as well.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(f). Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 1890s, Max Weber wrote a series of articles examining the regulation of European and American stock exchanges in which he concluded that Germany's legal system was not very effective in curbing ``gambling and wild speculation,'' especially when compared to the English and American exchanges.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bendix 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And why, across a variety of nations, governments of very different political complexions are experimenting with various forms of self-regulation in search of a middle way between laissez-faire capitalism and state-centered regulation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Industry selfregulation is a special kind of normative institution from this vantage point, and the crucial thing to understand is its variable capacity (or incapacity) to bring the behavior of industry members within a normative ordering responsive to broader social values.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To moralize industrial life, as Durkheim would put it, an industry association must establish a normative framework (industrial morality) for its members, and, equally important, develop ways to ensure its efficacy.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rhone's case study (1996) of the scheme concludes that: ``because of the international dimensions of the situation, a voluntary code enforced through market sanctions has the potential to be the most efficient method of improving working conditions.''”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(d). The Gap Inc. Sourcing Principles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rhone 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Add to this shrinking tax bases, the swing towards neoliberal ideology and away from government intervention, the resistance of multinational companies operating in an increasingly global marketplace, and it is hardly surprising why, both politically and economically, direct government regulation has become less attractive in recent years.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“``Occupational groups,'' ``business groups,'' ``professional groups'' ± for Durkheim these and other mediating institutions ``between the state and the individual'' (Durkheim 1933: 28) have a distinctive capacity for becoming ``agencies of moral education'' (Cladis 1993: 144), an advantage that comes from their special knowledge and influence.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim 1933
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cladis 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because they were governed autonomously, the American and English exchanges that Weber studied could be far more flexible than the state in restraining their members”
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · hedged
“such autonomous associations could be far more flexible in their choice of sanctions for non compliance with rules, as well as apply rules in a far more effective and discretionary manner.(Haines 1996)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haines 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · hedged
In the paper
“However, those pure forms are rarely found in the real world, in which distinctions between self-regulation and government regulation are incremental rather than dichotomous (see further Sinclair 1997).”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sinclair 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[M]ost business actors are bundles of contradictory commitments to values of economic rationality, law abidingness, and business responsibility.Business executives have profit-maximizing selves and law-abiding selves; at different moments, in different contexts, the different selves prevail.' ' (1995: 31)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This way of thinking about industry associations -as normative institutions above all ± ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices. . . .Actors conform not because it serves their individual interests, narrowly defined, but because it is expected of them; they are obliged to do so'' (Scott 1995: 38±39).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are a number of reasons for this, including the broader problem of regulatory overload.This has made the continuing use of highly detailed prescriptive regulation problematic and, in many circumstances, counterproductive.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the above, it will be apparent that there is no clear dichotomy between self-regulation on the one hand and government regulation on the other.Rather, there is a continuum, with pure forms of self-regulation and government regulation at opposite ends.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By all accounts, the safety of nuclear plants has increased significantly since TMI, and there is wide agreement among knowledgeable observers (proponents and critics of nuclear power alike) that INPO's contribution to improved nuclear safety has been highly significant (Rees 1994).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(f). Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Indeed, self-regulation has an extremely tarnished image, and is often reviled by conservationists, consumer organizations and other public interest groups for being a charade”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > B. SELF-REGULATION IN THEORY: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Braithwaite & Fisse 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Blakeney & Barnes 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Page 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“The subject of this special issue of Law & Policy is self-regulation, a topic which has often received short shrift in mainstream regulatory literature.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Which leads to the conclusion that industry associations are both economic and normative institutions, and that the market model of institutions enriches and supplements, but does not supplant, the normative model.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Because the English and American exchanges were ``governed autonomously in accordance with their own statutes''”
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · plain
“This allowed a situation where self-regulation could flourish in a direction which supported ethical (virtuous) behavior, by supporting sound business practices and frowning on pure speculation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bendix 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Haines 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · plain
In the paper
“The evidence suggests that the system has proved very effective in removing conflict, providing predictability, and thereby facilitating investment.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > Example 1(b). The Fishers of Alanya
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ostrom 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior)”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“which has made it easy for many economists and political scientists to overlook some of the crucial ways industry self-regulation actually operates in society.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is because the process of socialization and institutionalization both involve the formation of moral actors, whether individual or corporate, by inculcating them with values and endowing them with a disposition to be governed by moral concerns.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Answering such a question is tricky because, as a recent survey of the literature reveals, there are many plausible (and hotly contested) explanations of short-termism (Laverty 1996: 825), each with different implications for thinking about how self-regulatory regimes should be designed.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laverty 1996: 825 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, ``the organizational field has emerged as a critical unit bridging the organizational and societal levels in the study of social and community change'' (Scott 1991: 174, quoting DiMaggio 1986).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, with the industry's chief executives gathered in a single room each year, INPO uses those indicators to classify their social world of nuclear power in a distinctive way ± hierarchically ± as each nuclear plant is endowed with an official status (ranging from the ``excellent'' 1 to the ``marginal'' 5), a status publicly proclaimed before everyone's eyes.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Building transparency into the social structure of the industry sets the stage for a ``theatre of external judgment'' (Noll 1971: 15±19), and as transparency increases so does the likelihood of being called to account for one's industrial conduct.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Noll 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Framed this way, the idea of institutionalization moves us very quickly into thinking about socialization, because the moral logic we apply to the development of self-regulating institutions strongly resembles the logic applied to the formation of moral persons.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, by recognizing the complexity of the moral world, the SFI asks member companies to resist the single-minded pursuit of any objective, including profits; it asks them, in short, to become morally self-aware institutions capable of responsibly balancing economic self-interest with other values.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this essentially utilitarian perspective, the norms and institutions of self-regulation thus affect the behavior of member companies by manipulating cost/benefit calculations, and member companies behave expediently in light of those incentives.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“there is good reason to think the organizational field can exert ``powerful forces'' (DiMaggio & Powell 1991: 65) on individual organizations, and that the ``structure and behavior of an organization depend importantly on the characteristics of the sector [read ``field''] in which it operates'' (Scott & Meyer 1991: 120).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio & Powell 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Scott & Meyer 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It set into motion mimetic pressures on all the nuclear plants to imitate the practices of the exemplary plants, because, as institutional theorists would explain it, organizations tend to imitate other organizations that they regard as more successful (see DiMaggio & Powell 1991).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio & Powell 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An industrial morality legitimates aspirations other than profit as a good reason for action.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, an industrial morality creates a normative framework that defines and upholds a special organizational competence.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“in a recent agreement that seeks to end sweatshops by creating an industry code of conduct on wages and working conditions for apparel factories that American companies use around the world, the question of who should do the monitoring was ``one of the major sticking points'' (Greenhouse 1997).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Greenhouse 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventh, an industrial morality provides a legitimate account of the industry's activities to the public.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third and final step in achieving transparency ± monitoring performance ± also seems to be the most demanding and controversial.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chances are that will discipline your decision making and constrain what you do.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License (reflective) industrial morality a necessary part of industry decision making: questioning one's behavior, knowing what options are available, thinking through the consequences of various choices, recognizing one's responsibility to choose wisely, and so on.Or, as Selznick makes the point: ``The great task of institutional design is to build moral competence into the structure of the enterprise.This is the key to corporate responsibility ± private as well as public'' (1992: 345). > B. ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SFI's normative framework ± the ``Forest Principles,'' ``Implementation Guidelines,'' and ``Broad Policy Goals'' ± thus asks member companies to enlarge their horizons beyond considerations of efficiency and effectiveness, recognize the broader moral issues at stake in logging forests and manufacturing forest products, and exercise selfrestraint in light of those considerations.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, an industrial morality is critical, as it presumes that any existing pattern of industrial conduct is subject to criticism and reconstruction in light of reflection and inquiry.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixth, an industrial morality carries an expectation of obedience.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Painful because this shift has been the subject of heated industry debate since Responsible Care's creation almost a decade ago, with no end in sight, as opponents highlight the risk inspections pose to business autonomy, the confidentiality of trade secrets, as well as the danger that verification results could make them increasingly vulnerable to regulators, environmentalists, and litigation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“And as Rees points out later in this Special Issue, much the same can be said for the ethical codes found in the petroleum industry's self-regulatory program ± Strategies for Today's Environmental Partnership ± which also amounts to little more than ``pleasant-sounding corporate rhetoric'' (Rees 1997: xxx).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1997: xxx
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“But there are problems with how corporations are institutionalized in American society. . .and we cannot solve the problems of corporate life simply by improving individual organizations: we have to reform the institution itself. . . .[C]hanges in how organizations are conceived, changes in the norms by which they operate ± institutional changes ± are the only way to get at the source of our”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bellah et al. 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, an industrial morality is a form of moral discourse capable of challenging conventional industry practices ± ``This is the way we always do business around here'' ± including the economic assumptions underlying many of those taken-for-granted policies and practices.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, an industrial morality recognizes multiple values and commitments.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, an industrial morality is a product of conscious deliberation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An industry's capacity for selfregulation can be more or less developed, more or less capable of guiding and restraining its members, more or less institutionalized.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“But all of these types of actors ± and a multitude of others ± are social constructions; all depend on constitutive frameworks that emerged in interaction and are sustained and changed by ongoing interaction (Scott 1995: 42).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of nuclear industry self-regulation, for example, one can find both kinds of norms, collective and role-specific, but the most prominent by far seem to be the ones that articulate obligations of role.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To verify its claims, the industry invites a panel of independent experts, including conservationists and university scientists, to review the self-reported data and meet with company officials to discuss (and occasionally observe) their operations.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“``The normative approach to institutions,'' writes Scott (1995: 38), ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices'':”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where an enterprise cannot effectively trade without industry membership, it may be potent indeed, though, in these circumstances, serious concerns may be raised about restrictive trade practices and contravention of any relevant anti-trust laws.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This includes the origins of Responsible Care, which cannot be understood apart from changes in government regulation, and it also includes INPO's development into a powerful regulatory watchdog, which was made possible by the NRC's commanding presence not too far from INPO's side (see Rees 1997).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Lacking ultimate capacity to invoke sanctions at the tip of an ``enforcement pyramid'' (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), the credibility of sanctions at lower levels also weakened.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a normative perspective, moreover, rather than emphasizing punishment and obedience, it would be better to think of industry self-regulation in terms of a ``morality of cooperation'' (Selznick 1992) or ``moralizing social control'' (Braithwaite 1989: 9±11).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Selznick 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braithwaite 1989 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The trick, as Ayres and Braithwaite put it, is to establish a synergy between punishment and persuasion because ``[s]trategic punishment underwrites regulatory persuasion as something that ought to be attended to'' (1992: 25).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exactly: CSI is a prime example of responsive regulation, one that recognizes how different industry structures will be conducive to different degrees and forms of regulation ± including self-regulation.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, it may be appropriate for a state agency to endorse a particular self-regulatory program by permitting it to use the agency's logo or other official seal of approval, thereby giving the public greater confidence in the code's credibility.13 This in turn may help the industry sell its product or provide other commercial benefits.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. BERKES, FIKRET (1986) ``Marine Inshore Fishery Management in Turkey.'' In Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The problem is significant for industry self-regulation, not only for dealing with an industry's bad apples, but also because it threatens the sense of fairness essential to nurturing voluntary compliance among the industry's good apples (ibid.: 1992: 26).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we look closely at the leading examples of industry self-regulation (including health care), we see that they involve varying degrees of interaction with government regulation, a symbiosis that influences the dynamics of industry self-regulation in important ways (such as JCAHO's ratification by Medicare and its ongoing monitoring by HCFA).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have seen that the range of enforcement mechanisms that selfregulation might potentially invoke is quite broad.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As for JCAHO's influence in this regulatory arena, a Washington Post story described it as ``enormous'':”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scharge 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: JCAHO is the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“With the former, there is consensus on the science, the effects are tangible and are short-term as well as long-term, alternative substances (or at least less depleting substances) are available, and a major player saw ``first mover'' advantages in voluntary action, against the shadow of threatened state intervention.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries. > As Purchase puts it:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. BECKER, JOSEPH M. (1961) The Adequacy of the Benefit Amount in Unemployment Insurance. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. BELLAH, ROBERT N., RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVE M. TIPTON (1992) The Good Society. New York: Vintage Books.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Meaningful involvement by consumer and other public interest groups is often what sets apart the successful codes from those which have received less support from government and the general public.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of Consumer Affairs 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the national debate that has surrounded the changing quality of American health care, one of the most prominent examples of co-regulation in American industry, it is remarkable how that regulatory mix has been largely neglected by students of regulation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regulatory mix in American health care has been largely neglected by students of regulation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, consumers are not the only ones with a sufficient self-interest in policing a code as to make it effective.Rival traders provide another important group who have a strong self interest in ensuring a level playing field, and that their competitors do not abuse self-regulation and thereby gain a competitive advantage.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“For example, the Canadian cable television industry has a voluntary standards code that works well both because consumers have enough knowledge to act as monitors and because of the background presence of a government regulator (the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Council (CRTC)).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McChesney 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, there are no magic bullets or universally appropriate prescriptions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have indicated, precisely what form of state intervention will provide the most appropriate underpinning is likely to vary with the particular circumstances of the case.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sometimes less direct forms of state oversight or control will be sufficient; government might act as a facilitator or catalyst, ``steering the boat rather than rowing.''”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Often, the best solution is to design complementary combinations using a number of different instruments, thus: self-regulation; government regulation; and third-party oversight may be capable of being combined in complementary combinations that work better than any one or even two of these instruments acting together.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the higher levels, sanctions might include removal of benefits (e.g., the right to use the industry logo), a requirement of public disclosure of breaches (making the perpetrator vulnerable to adverse publicity), the taking of remedial measures (product recall, reparation of environmental damage), or fines.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In this regard, the relative success of self-regulatory initiatives with ozone-depleting substances (Australian & New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council 1994;Australian Environment Protection Agency 1994) contrasted with the limited impact of attempts to self-regulate greenhouse gas emissions may be instructive.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries. > As Purchase puts it:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Australian & New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Australian Environment Protection Agency 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Descriptively, suffice it to recall Durkheim's observation cited earlier: occupational activity can be efficaciously regulated only by a group intimate enough with it to know its functions [and] near enough to the individuals to attract them strongly in their spheres of action.(Durkheim 1933: 28)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim 1933
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is this mix, this interplay, that works to assist or impede solution of the policy problem.(Ayres & Braithwaite 1992: 3)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has been the case in New Zealand in the case of greenhouse emissions.If New Zealand's net emissions are not on track for a 3 to 4 percent reduction by 1997, then the government has committed itself to introducing a carbon tax.Thus, if the code is effective, then the regulation is never invoked.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, a major role for government in these circumstances may be that of facilitator or broker (ensuring the effective involvement of appropriate third parties) rather than that of direct participant.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, a tripartite approach, involving co-regulation and a range of third-party oversight mechanisms, may well be a viable option (Gunningham 1995).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunningham 1995 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“One convenient means of encapsulating the potential dynamic between government, business, and third parties in achieving effective co-regulation, is a three-dimensional instrument pyramid, 17 conceived of as having three faces (or sides); each side represents one of the three parties: government, business, and commercial and non-commercial third parties.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, and BRENT FISSE (1987) ``Self Regulation and the Costs of Corporate Crime.'' In Private Policing, edited by C.D. Shearing & P.C. Stenning. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As regards the latter, critical variables will be the development of industrywide policies and procedures to ensure a strong and effective commitment to the values or ideals the industry claims to uphold, the integration of accountability and transparency in corporate decision making, and the capacity to ``moralize social control'' and institutionalize responsibility.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the most important internal hurdles are first, the extent to which it is possible to build an industry morality: a set of industrial principles and practices that defines right conduct and spells out the industry's public commitment to moral restraint and aspiration; and second, the extent to which a particular scheme is capable of institutionalizing responsibility.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have stressed that achieving effective industry self-regulation is never easy, as the large number of failed selfregulatory initiatives bears witness.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, the most effective self-regulatory initiatives have involved an underpinning of government regulation, or third-party oversight, or more commonly both.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As to external hurdles, self-regulation is most likely to flourish when there is either strong coincidence between the public and private interest in self-regulation or there are external pressures sufficient to create such a coincidence of interest.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
A corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.
“A crucial assumption in this perspective bears repeating, and that is a corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-termism is one of the central problems that many systems of industry self-regulation seek to address.
“The business culture of short-termism ± ``[a] preoccupation with short-term results and instant economic gratification'' (Jacobs 1991: 7) is one of the central problems that many systems of industry self-regulation seek to address.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reporting requirements usually adopt some form of self-reporting.
“Reporting requirements usually adopt some form of self-reporting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-termism is particularly strong in the United States.
“Short-termism is much more prevalent in some business cultures than others, and is particularly strong in the United States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Enterprises may be ignorant, irrational, or incompetent.
“Enterprises may not act as economic rationalists would predict because they are ignorant, irrational or incompetent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public concern is deeply felt in the chemical and nuclear power industries.
“public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A group must come to perceive its common interests before it can engage in effective collective action.
“First, the group must come to perceive their common interests.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communities of fate are at least in part social constructions.
“Communities of fate are at least in part, social constructions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the case of Responsible Care, many leading players in the industry recognize that 'each must be his brother's keeper.'
“For example, in the case of Responsible Care, there is a recognition by many of the leading players in the industry that ``each must be his brother's keeper.''”
The paper relies on this without support.
JCAHO is the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.
“The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), founded in 1917, stands out as the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The regulatory mix in American health care has been largely neglected by students of regulation.
“it is remarkable how that regulatory mix has been largely neglected by students of regulation.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License to do,'' they generate a sense of obligation.``The normative approach to institutions,'' writes Scott (1995: 38), ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices'': Some values and norms are applicable to all members of the collectivity; others apply only to selected types of actors or positions.Such specialized values and norms are termed roles: conceptions of appropriate action for particular individuals or specified social positions.(Scott 1995: 38) In the case of nuclear industry self-regulation, for example, one can find both kinds of norms, collective and role-specific, but the most prominent by far seem to be the ones that articulate obligations of role.Whether someone is a nuclear utility CEO or control room operator, a nuclear plant manager or maintenance superintendent, each position embodies a distinctive cluster of responsibilities from the standpoint of INPO's normative system.It is all part of seeing the nuclear industry as a social landscape of responsibilitygenerating institutional roles.And by constructing the social world of nuclear power operations in this way, INPO's normative system integrates the industry around a common language of self-understanding, an industrywide interpretive framework for construing what it means to occupy a particular role and what it means to behave in a manner appropriate to that position (see Rees 1994: 67±90). > V. EXTERNAL PRESSURES AND EFFECTIVE SELF-REGULATION
“Sometimes, the mere threat of government regulation may provide an industry group with sufficient incentive to regulate itself effectively, as with the case of ozone protection in New Zealand, considered below.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 its weaknesses as a stand alone mechanism?This implies an underpinning of state intervention sufficient to ensure that it does operate in the public interest, that it is effective in achieving its purported social and economic goals and has credibility in the eyes of the public or its intended audience.As we have indicated, precisely what form of state intervention will provide the most appropriate underpinning is likely to vary with the particular circumstances of the case.Unfortunately, there are no magic bullets or universally appropriate prescriptions.However, it is at least possible to identify some of the most commonly important variables, and to illustrate by example how co-regulation might operate to optimal effect in particular circumstances.
“This has been the case in New Zealand in the case of greenhouse emissions.If New Zealand's net emissions are not on track for a 3 to 4 percent reduction by 1997, then the government has committed itself to introducing a carbon tax.Thus, if the code is effective, then the regulation is never invoked.A similar approach operates in Australia, in the case of the regulation of ozone-depleting substances.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
“He is the author of two books: Reforming the Workplace: A Study of Self-Regulation in Occupational Safety (1994)and Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island (1988).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 > References
“REES, JOSEPH V. (1988) Reforming The Workplace: A Study of Self-Regulation in Occupational Safety. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. ÐÐ (1994) Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry.
“(Kurland 1993: 143, quoting Cressey & Moone 1983)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 > References
“CRESSEY, DONALD R., and CHARLES A. MOORE (1983) ``Managerial Values and Corporate Codes of Ethics,'' California Management Review 25(4): 53±77.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gunningham, N., & Rees, J.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- ORCID
- Gunningham, Neil
- Venue
- Law & Policy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-414
- ISSN
- 0265-8240 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9930
- OpenAlex
- W1969175364
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Law & Policy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Regulation and Compliance Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Keywords
- industry self-regulation, institutional theory, social control, mediating institutions, external pressure, role of the state, third parties, regulatory theory, group behavior
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