The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 77 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Industry self-regulation: An institutional perspective
Open accessAbstract
Throughout the advanced countries of the world self‐regulatory regimes are being introduced. This article suggests that, at least in some contexts, industry self‐regulation can be an effective and efficient means of social control that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior) and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory. The article examines the strengths and to a lesser extent the weaknesses of industry self‐regulation from five closely related yet distinct vantage points: mediating institutions; industrial morality; institutionalizing responsibility; institutions responding to external pressure; and the roles of the state and third parties.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
96 Own interpretation · 47 Sources not found · 12 No full text of the sources · 7 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Contrary to conventional wisdom, the most effective mechanism for maintaining market ``order'' and curbing trading abuses has proved to be informal mechanisms of social control rather than state regulation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > B. SELF-REGULATION IN THEORY: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunningham 1991 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This article suggests that, at least in some contexts, industry self-regulation can be an effective and efficient means of social control that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior) and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · boosted
“Indeed, there is growing evidence of a range of circumstances where self-regulation (either alone, or more commonly, in conjunction with other policy instruments) can be a remarkably effective and efficient means of social control.”
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · boosted
In the paper
“As for outcomes, suffice it to say that, at each project, accident rates dropped significantly as a result of the CCP (Rees 1988).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(d). The Gap Inc. Sourcing Principles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we will see in part VI, there is reason to believe that self-regulatory mechanisms underpinned by some form of state intervention are more resilient and effective than self-regulation in isolation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Much the same can be said of industry associations which, like persons, have multiple selves, a complexity that also reflects the complexity of the social world.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Walzer 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Throughout the advanced countries of the world self-regulatory regimes are being introduced.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“The past twenty years have witnessed a surge in self-regulatory regimes in the United States, Europe, and other advanced economies (see, e.g., Bardach & Kagan 1982;Washington and Lee Law Review 1988;Teubner, Farmer, & Murphy 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bardach & Kagan 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Washington and Lee Law Review 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Teubner, Farmer, & Murphy 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“INPO's much more sophisticated oversight effort has spent tens of millions of dollars over the past seventeen years developing a remarkably elaborate system for verifying and monitoring nuclear plant performance.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hence, we agree with Selznick that ``American management has produced a culture of short sidedness'' (Selznick 1992: 353) and that an institutional perspective has special relevance for addressing the problem.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Selznick 1992: 353
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good examples of this are the chemical manufacturing industry's Responsible Care program and the nuclear power industry's Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), a private regulatory bureaucracy created by the industry after the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident.What we find in each case is the emergence of a common meaning system at the industry level ± a new industrial morality”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And from this credibility gap follows the need for some kind of independent confirmation of the industry's claims, by checking their accuracy, by monitoring the actual performance of member companies, and so on.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 57
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And for reasons that will become clear as we proceed, the key to realizing that potential is the development of an effective industrial morality that brings the behavior of industry members within a normative ordering.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proponents and critics both have a point because the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of self-regulation varies enormously among industries, due partly to its social and economic context, which varies widely, and partly to the self-regulation program's institutional design, a highly variable matter as well.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(f). Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 1890s, Max Weber wrote a series of articles examining the regulation of European and American stock exchanges in which he concluded that Germany's legal system was not very effective in curbing ``gambling and wild speculation,'' especially when compared to the English and American exchanges.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bendix 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And why, across a variety of nations, governments of very different political complexions are experimenting with various forms of self-regulation in search of a middle way between laissez-faire capitalism and state-centered regulation.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Industry selfregulation is a special kind of normative institution from this vantage point, and the crucial thing to understand is its variable capacity (or incapacity) to bring the behavior of industry members within a normative ordering responsive to broader social values.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To moralize industrial life, as Durkheim would put it, an industry association must establish a normative framework (industrial morality) for its members, and, equally important, develop ways to ensure its efficacy.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rhone's case study (1996) of the scheme concludes that: ``because of the international dimensions of the situation, a voluntary code enforced through market sanctions has the potential to be the most efficient method of improving working conditions.''”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(d). The Gap Inc. Sourcing Principles
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rhone 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Add to this shrinking tax bases, the swing towards neoliberal ideology and away from government intervention, the resistance of multinational companies operating in an increasingly global marketplace, and it is hardly surprising why, both politically and economically, direct government regulation has become less attractive in recent years.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“``Occupational groups,'' ``business groups,'' ``professional groups'' ± for Durkheim these and other mediating institutions ``between the state and the individual'' (Durkheim 1933: 28) have a distinctive capacity for becoming ``agencies of moral education'' (Cladis 1993: 144), an advantage that comes from their special knowledge and influence.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim 1933
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cladis 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because they were governed autonomously, the American and English exchanges that Weber studied could be far more flexible than the state in restraining their members”
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · hedged
“such autonomous associations could be far more flexible in their choice of sanctions for non compliance with rules, as well as apply rules in a far more effective and discretionary manner.(Haines 1996)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haines 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · hedged
In the paper
“However, those pure forms are rarely found in the real world, in which distinctions between self-regulation and government regulation are incremental rather than dichotomous (see further Sinclair 1997).”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sinclair 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[M]ost business actors are bundles of contradictory commitments to values of economic rationality, law abidingness, and business responsibility.Business executives have profit-maximizing selves and law-abiding selves; at different moments, in different contexts, the different selves prevail.' ' (1995: 31)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This way of thinking about industry associations -as normative institutions above all ± ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices. . . .Actors conform not because it serves their individual interests, narrowly defined, but because it is expected of them; they are obliged to do so'' (Scott 1995: 38±39).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are a number of reasons for this, including the broader problem of regulatory overload.This has made the continuing use of highly detailed prescriptive regulation problematic and, in many circumstances, counterproductive.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > I. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the above, it will be apparent that there is no clear dichotomy between self-regulation on the one hand and government regulation on the other.Rather, there is a continuum, with pure forms of self-regulation and government regulation at opposite ends.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > A. WHAT IS SELF-REGULATION?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By all accounts, the safety of nuclear plants has increased significantly since TMI, and there is wide agreement among knowledgeable observers (proponents and critics of nuclear power alike) that INPO's contribution to improved nuclear safety has been highly significant (Rees 1994).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > Example 1(f). Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Indeed, self-regulation has an extremely tarnished image, and is often reviled by conservationists, consumer organizations and other public interest groups for being a charade”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > B. SELF-REGULATION IN THEORY: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Braithwaite & Fisse 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Blakeney & Barnes 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Page 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“The subject of this special issue of Law & Policy is self-regulation, a topic which has often received short shrift in mainstream regulatory literature.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Which leads to the conclusion that industry associations are both economic and normative institutions, and that the market model of institutions enriches and supplements, but does not supplant, the normative model.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Because the English and American exchanges were ``governed autonomously in accordance with their own statutes''”
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · plain
“This allowed a situation where self-regulation could flourish in a direction which supported ethical (virtuous) behavior, by supporting sound business practices and frowning on pure speculation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bendix 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Haines 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS · plain
In the paper
“The evidence suggests that the system has proved very effective in removing conflict, providing predictability, and thereby facilitating investment.”
§ Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective > Example 1(b). The Fishers of Alanya
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ostrom 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior)”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
“which has made it easy for many economists and political scientists to overlook some of the crucial ways industry self-regulation actually operates in society.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is because the process of socialization and institutionalization both involve the formation of moral actors, whether individual or corporate, by inculcating them with values and endowing them with a disposition to be governed by moral concerns.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Answering such a question is tricky because, as a recent survey of the literature reveals, there are many plausible (and hotly contested) explanations of short-termism (Laverty 1996: 825), each with different implications for thinking about how self-regulatory regimes should be designed.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laverty 1996: 825 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, ``the organizational field has emerged as a critical unit bridging the organizational and societal levels in the study of social and community change'' (Scott 1991: 174, quoting DiMaggio 1986).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, with the industry's chief executives gathered in a single room each year, INPO uses those indicators to classify their social world of nuclear power in a distinctive way ± hierarchically ± as each nuclear plant is endowed with an official status (ranging from the ``excellent'' 1 to the ``marginal'' 5), a status publicly proclaimed before everyone's eyes.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Building transparency into the social structure of the industry sets the stage for a ``theatre of external judgment'' (Noll 1971: 15±19), and as transparency increases so does the likelihood of being called to account for one's industrial conduct.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Noll 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Framed this way, the idea of institutionalization moves us very quickly into thinking about socialization, because the moral logic we apply to the development of self-regulating institutions strongly resembles the logic applied to the formation of moral persons.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, by recognizing the complexity of the moral world, the SFI asks member companies to resist the single-minded pursuit of any objective, including profits; it asks them, in short, to become morally self-aware institutions capable of responsibly balancing economic self-interest with other values.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this essentially utilitarian perspective, the norms and institutions of self-regulation thus affect the behavior of member companies by manipulating cost/benefit calculations, and member companies behave expediently in light of those incentives.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“there is good reason to think the organizational field can exert ``powerful forces'' (DiMaggio & Powell 1991: 65) on individual organizations, and that the ``structure and behavior of an organization depend importantly on the characteristics of the sector [read ``field''] in which it operates'' (Scott & Meyer 1991: 120).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 Under the Extractive Reserves system, community associations are granted exclusive use of certain lands in order to encourage and facilitate their sustainable use, as set out in a utilization plan prepared by each association and approved by a government agency.Each association is largely responsibile for enforcement of the plan, which is achieved by preventing migration onto the reserves by unauthorized settlers, by exerting peer pressure to persuade non-compliers (i.e., community members adopting unsustainable uses inconsistent with the plan) to change their ways, by imposing formal sanctions (e.g., withdrawing use of community storage facilities, not accepting the violator's products at community processing facilities), and by suspension and expulsion of violators.This approach bears striking similarities to a conventional enforcement pyramid (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), save that it is applied by the community rather than by the state (ELI 1995: chap.5). > II. MEDIATING INSTITUTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio & Powell 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Scott & Meyer 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It set into motion mimetic pressures on all the nuclear plants to imitate the practices of the exemplary plants, because, as institutional theorists would explain it, organizations tend to imitate other organizations that they regard as more successful (see DiMaggio & Powell 1991).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DiMaggio & Powell 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An industrial morality legitimates aspirations other than profit as a good reason for action.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, an industrial morality creates a normative framework that defines and upholds a special organizational competence.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“in a recent agreement that seeks to end sweatshops by creating an industry code of conduct on wages and working conditions for apparel factories that American companies use around the world, the question of who should do the monitoring was ``one of the major sticking points'' (Greenhouse 1997).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Greenhouse 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventh, an industrial morality provides a legitimate account of the industry's activities to the public.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third and final step in achieving transparency ± monitoring performance ± also seems to be the most demanding and controversial.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chances are that will discipline your decision making and constrain what you do.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License (reflective) industrial morality a necessary part of industry decision making: questioning one's behavior, knowing what options are available, thinking through the consequences of various choices, recognizing one's responsibility to choose wisely, and so on.Or, as Selznick makes the point: ``The great task of institutional design is to build moral competence into the structure of the enterprise.This is the key to corporate responsibility ± private as well as public'' (1992: 345). > B. ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SFI's normative framework ± the ``Forest Principles,'' ``Implementation Guidelines,'' and ``Broad Policy Goals'' ± thus asks member companies to enlarge their horizons beyond considerations of efficiency and effectiveness, recognize the broader moral issues at stake in logging forests and manufacturing forest products, and exercise selfrestraint in light of those considerations.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, an industrial morality is critical, as it presumes that any existing pattern of industrial conduct is subject to criticism and reconstruction in light of reflection and inquiry.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixth, an industrial morality carries an expectation of obedience.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Painful because this shift has been the subject of heated industry debate since Responsible Care's creation almost a decade ago, with no end in sight, as opponents highlight the risk inspections pose to business autonomy, the confidentiality of trade secrets, as well as the danger that verification results could make them increasingly vulnerable to regulators, environmentalists, and litigation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“And as Rees points out later in this Special Issue, much the same can be said for the ethical codes found in the petroleum industry's self-regulatory program ± Strategies for Today's Environmental Partnership ± which also amounts to little more than ``pleasant-sounding corporate rhetoric'' (Rees 1997: xxx).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1997: xxx
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“But there are problems with how corporations are institutionalized in American society. . .and we cannot solve the problems of corporate life simply by improving individual organizations: we have to reform the institution itself. . . .[C]hanges in how organizations are conceived, changes in the norms by which they operate ± institutional changes ± are the only way to get at the source of our”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bellah et al. 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, an industrial morality is a form of moral discourse capable of challenging conventional industry practices ± ``This is the way we always do business around here'' ± including the economic assumptions underlying many of those taken-for-granted policies and practices.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, an industrial morality recognizes multiple values and commitments.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, an industrial morality is a product of conscious deliberation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 then there is fluid and impatient capital, as when ``funds supplied by external capital providers move rapidly from company to company, usually based on perceptions of opportunities for near-term appreciation'' (Porter 1992: 69).The list goes on: stock market myopia (Druck 1986: 31), information assymmetry (Myers & Majluf 1984: 187±221); but the essential point remains.If a business culture of short-termism is one of the central challenges facing industry self-regulation, and we hope to moderate its undesirable effects, then we need to learn a lot more about how the norms by which corporations operate actually encourage such behavior. > III. INDUSTRIAL MORALITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An industry's capacity for selfregulation can be more or less developed, more or less capable of guiding and restraining its members, more or less institutionalized.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry. > A. THE MORAL LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“But all of these types of actors ± and a multitude of others ± are social constructions; all depend on constitutive frameworks that emerged in interaction and are sustained and changed by ongoing interaction (Scott 1995: 42).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > C. QUESTION OF AUTHORITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of nuclear industry self-regulation, for example, one can find both kinds of norms, collective and role-specific, but the most prominent by far seem to be the ones that articulate obligations of role.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To verify its claims, the industry invites a panel of independent experts, including conservationists and university scientists, to review the self-reported data and meet with company officials to discuss (and occasionally observe) their operations.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License communicate their progress in implementing the industry codes); and (2) the industry collects and analyzes the data.There is wide agreement that reporting and data collection are ``the dullest of tasks'' (Chayes & Chayes 1995: 173).Dull yet extremely important, for the effectiveness of industry self-regulation depends vitally on its data gathering capabilities, particularly the quality of member response to the reporting requirements and the industry's capacity to collect and analyze that data.All this varies widely ± both the quality of the response and the effectiveness with which the information is analyzed ± because there is no set pattern in the nature and scope of the data gathering process among programs of industry selfregulation.In the case of Responsible Care, for example, the chemical industry's data gathering process has a long way to go, partly because the industry has not yet developed the analytical capacity to examine the data with sufficient care, and partly because it lacks the institutional mechanisms for using the information in a way that significantly enhances the accountability (and self-discipline) of chemical company officials.By contrast, INPO's data gathering process, having largely overcome those limitations, uses that information to rank all the nuclear plants in terms of their safety performance, and, what's more, communicates that information to the industry in a manner that assigns a very high importance to ensuring accountability and fostering self-discipline (Rees 1994). > 3. Monitoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“``The normative approach to institutions,'' writes Scott (1995: 38), ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices'':”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scott 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where an enterprise cannot effectively trade without industry membership, it may be potent indeed, though, in these circumstances, serious concerns may be raised about restrictive trade practices and contravention of any relevant anti-trust laws.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This includes the origins of Responsible Care, which cannot be understood apart from changes in government regulation, and it also includes INPO's development into a powerful regulatory watchdog, which was made possible by the NRC's commanding presence not too far from INPO's side (see Rees 1997).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rees 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Lacking ultimate capacity to invoke sanctions at the tip of an ``enforcement pyramid'' (Ayres & Braithwaite 1992), the credibility of sanctions at lower levels also weakened.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a normative perspective, moreover, rather than emphasizing punishment and obedience, it would be better to think of industry self-regulation in terms of a ``morality of cooperation'' (Selznick 1992) or ``moralizing social control'' (Braithwaite 1989: 9±11).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Selznick 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braithwaite 1989 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The trick, as Ayres and Braithwaite put it, is to establish a synergy between punishment and persuasion because ``[s]trategic punishment underwrites regulatory persuasion as something that ought to be attended to'' (1992: 25).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exactly: CSI is a prime example of responsive regulation, one that recognizes how different industry structures will be conducive to different degrees and forms of regulation ± including self-regulation.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, it may be appropriate for a state agency to endorse a particular self-regulatory program by permitting it to use the agency's logo or other official seal of approval, thereby giving the public greater confidence in the code's credibility.13 This in turn may help the industry sell its product or provide other commercial benefits.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. BERKES, FIKRET (1986) ``Marine Inshore Fishery Management in Turkey.'' In Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The problem is significant for industry self-regulation, not only for dealing with an industry's bad apples, but also because it threatens the sense of fairness essential to nurturing voluntary compliance among the industry's good apples (ibid.: 1992: 26).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we look closely at the leading examples of industry self-regulation (including health care), we see that they involve varying degrees of interaction with government regulation, a symbiosis that influences the dynamics of industry self-regulation in important ways (such as JCAHO's ratification by Medicare and its ongoing monitoring by HCFA).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have seen that the range of enforcement mechanisms that selfregulation might potentially invoke is quite broad.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As for JCAHO's influence in this regulatory arena, a Washington Post story described it as ``enormous'':”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scharge 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: JCAHO is the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“With the former, there is consensus on the science, the effects are tangible and are short-term as well as long-term, alternative substances (or at least less depleting substances) are available, and a major player saw ``first mover'' advantages in voluntary action, against the shadow of threatened state intervention.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries. > As Purchase puts it:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. BECKER, JOSEPH M. (1961) The Adequacy of the Benefit Amount in Unemployment Insurance. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. BELLAH, ROBERT N., RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVE M. TIPTON (1992) The Good Society. New York: Vintage Books.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Meaningful involvement by consumer and other public interest groups is often what sets apart the successful codes from those which have received less support from government and the general public.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Office of Consumer Affairs 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the national debate that has surrounded the changing quality of American health care, one of the most prominent examples of co-regulation in American industry, it is remarkable how that regulatory mix has been largely neglected by students of regulation.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regulatory mix in American health care has been largely neglected by students of regulation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, consumers are not the only ones with a sufficient self-interest in policing a code as to make it effective.Rival traders provide another important group who have a strong self interest in ensuring a level playing field, and that their competitors do not abuse self-regulation and thereby gain a competitive advantage.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“For example, the Canadian cable television industry has a voluntary standards code that works well both because consumers have enough knowledge to act as monitors and because of the background presence of a government regulator (the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Council (CRTC)).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McChesney 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, there are no magic bullets or universally appropriate prescriptions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have indicated, precisely what form of state intervention will provide the most appropriate underpinning is likely to vary with the particular circumstances of the case.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sometimes less direct forms of state oversight or control will be sufficient; government might act as a facilitator or catalyst, ``steering the boat rather than rowing.''”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Often, the best solution is to design complementary combinations using a number of different instruments, thus: self-regulation; government regulation; and third-party oversight may be capable of being combined in complementary combinations that work better than any one or even two of these instruments acting together.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the higher levels, sanctions might include removal of benefits (e.g., the right to use the industry logo), a requirement of public disclosure of breaches (making the perpetrator vulnerable to adverse publicity), the taking of remedial measures (product recall, reparation of environmental damage), or fines.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In this regard, the relative success of self-regulatory initiatives with ozone-depleting substances (Australian & New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council 1994;Australian Environment Protection Agency 1994) contrasted with the limited impact of attempts to self-regulate greenhouse gas emissions may be instructive.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries. > As Purchase puts it:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Australian & New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Australian Environment Protection Agency 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Descriptively, suffice it to recall Durkheim's observation cited earlier: occupational activity can be efficaciously regulated only by a group intimate enough with it to know its functions [and] near enough to the individuals to attract them strongly in their spheres of action.(Durkheim 1933: 28)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim 1933
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is this mix, this interplay, that works to assist or impede solution of the policy problem.(Ayres & Braithwaite 1992: 3)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License > VI. THE ROLE OF THE STATE AND THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayres & Braithwaite 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has been the case in New Zealand in the case of greenhouse emissions.If New Zealand's net emissions are not on track for a 3 to 4 percent reduction by 1997, then the government has committed itself to introducing a carbon tax.Thus, if the code is effective, then the regulation is never invoked.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, a major role for government in these circumstances may be that of facilitator or broker (ensuring the effective involvement of appropriate third parties) rather than that of direct participant.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, a tripartite approach, involving co-regulation and a range of third-party oversight mechanisms, may well be a viable option (Gunningham 1995).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gunningham 1995 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“One convenient means of encapsulating the potential dynamic between government, business, and third parties in achieving effective co-regulation, is a three-dimensional instrument pyramid, 17 conceived of as having three faces (or sides); each side represents one of the three parties: government, business, and commercial and non-commercial third parties.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > C. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, and BRENT FISSE (1987) ``Self Regulation and the Costs of Corporate Crime.'' In Private Policing, edited by C.D. Shearing & P.C. Stenning. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As regards the latter, critical variables will be the development of industrywide policies and procedures to ensure a strong and effective commitment to the values or ideals the industry claims to uphold, the integration of accountability and transparency in corporate decision making, and the capacity to ``moralize social control'' and institutionalize responsibility.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the most important internal hurdles are first, the extent to which it is possible to build an industry morality: a set of industrial principles and practices that defines right conduct and spells out the industry's public commitment to moral restraint and aspiration; and second, the extent to which a particular scheme is capable of institutionalizing responsibility.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have stressed that achieving effective industry self-regulation is never easy, as the large number of failed selfregulatory initiatives bears witness.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, the most effective self-regulatory initiatives have involved an underpinning of government regulation, or third-party oversight, or more commonly both.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As to external hurdles, self-regulation is most likely to flourish when there is either strong coincidence between the public and private interest in self-regulation or there are external pressures sufficient to create such a coincidence of interest.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
A corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.
“A crucial assumption in this perspective bears repeating, and that is a corporate conscience consists of specific arrangements for making accountability an integral part of corporate decision making.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-termism is one of the central problems that many systems of industry self-regulation seek to address.
“The business culture of short-termism ± ``[a] preoccupation with short-term results and instant economic gratification'' (Jacobs 1991: 7) is one of the central problems that many systems of industry self-regulation seek to address.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reporting requirements usually adopt some form of self-reporting.
“Reporting requirements usually adopt some form of self-reporting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short-termism is particularly strong in the United States.
“Short-termism is much more prevalent in some business cultures than others, and is particularly strong in the United States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Enterprises may be ignorant, irrational, or incompetent.
“Enterprises may not act as economic rationalists would predict because they are ignorant, irrational or incompetent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public concern is deeply felt in the chemical and nuclear power industries.
“public concern is deeply felt ± as in the case of both the chemical and nuclear power industries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A group must come to perceive its common interests before it can engage in effective collective action.
“First, the group must come to perceive their common interests.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communities of fate are at least in part social constructions.
“Communities of fate are at least in part, social constructions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the case of Responsible Care, many leading players in the industry recognize that 'each must be his brother's keeper.'
“For example, in the case of Responsible Care, there is a recognition by many of the leading players in the industry that ``each must be his brother's keeper.''”
The paper relies on this without support.
JCAHO is the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.
“The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), founded in 1917, stands out as the oldest and most prominent example of regulation by industry association in the United States.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The regulatory mix in American health care has been largely neglected by students of regulation.
“it is remarkable how that regulatory mix has been largely neglected by students of regulation.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License to do,'' they generate a sense of obligation.``The normative approach to institutions,'' writes Scott (1995: 38), ``emphasizes how values and normative frameworks structure choices'': Some values and norms are applicable to all members of the collectivity; others apply only to selected types of actors or positions.Such specialized values and norms are termed roles: conceptions of appropriate action for particular individuals or specified social positions.(Scott 1995: 38) In the case of nuclear industry self-regulation, for example, one can find both kinds of norms, collective and role-specific, but the most prominent by far seem to be the ones that articulate obligations of role.Whether someone is a nuclear utility CEO or control room operator, a nuclear plant manager or maintenance superintendent, each position embodies a distinctive cluster of responsibilities from the standpoint of INPO's normative system.It is all part of seeing the nuclear industry as a social landscape of responsibilitygenerating institutional roles.And by constructing the social world of nuclear power operations in this way, INPO's normative system integrates the industry around a common language of self-understanding, an industrywide interpretive framework for construing what it means to occupy a particular role and what it means to behave in a manner appropriate to that position (see Rees 1994: 67±90). > V. EXTERNAL PRESSURES AND EFFECTIVE SELF-REGULATION
“Sometimes, the mere threat of government regulation may provide an industry group with sufficient incentive to regulate itself effectively, as with the case of ozone protection in New Zealand, considered below.”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 its weaknesses as a stand alone mechanism?This implies an underpinning of state intervention sufficient to ensure that it does operate in the public interest, that it is effective in achieving its purported social and economic goals and has credibility in the eyes of the public or its intended audience.As we have indicated, precisely what form of state intervention will provide the most appropriate underpinning is likely to vary with the particular circumstances of the case.Unfortunately, there are no magic bullets or universally appropriate prescriptions.However, it is at least possible to identify some of the most commonly important variables, and to illustrate by example how co-regulation might operate to optimal effect in particular circumstances.
“This has been the case in New Zealand in the case of greenhouse emissions.If New Zealand's net emissions are not on track for a 3 to 4 percent reduction by 1997, then the government has committed itself to introducing a carbon tax.Thus, if the code is effective, then the regulation is never invoked.A similar approach operates in Australia, in the case of the regulation of ozone-depleting substances.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License OSHA 1988: 26341).For OSHA, in short, the purpose is to recognize and encourage self-regulation in the workplace.The VPP now covers about 241,000 employees at 370 worksites, 14 where OSHA encourages their selfregulatory efforts in a variety of ways, such as ceasing routine compliance inspections in favor of a more consultative and problem-solving approach, and also by encouraging a mentoring program in which companies with exemplary safety and health programs share their experience and expertise with those companies striving to improve their in-house programs (Catanzaro & Weinberg 1994: 22±25). > VII. CONCLUSION
“He is the author of two books: Reforming the Workplace: A Study of Self-Regulation in Occupational Safety (1994)and Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island (1988).”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 > References
“REES, JOSEPH V. (1988) Reforming The Workplace: A Study of Self-Regulation in Occupational Safety. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. ÐÐ (1994) Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033,Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026].See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions)on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License meaningful and legitimate from the standpoint of their publics.These industry norms serve as a connective tissue, in short, between what the industry does and what the public considers socially acceptable and desirable.None of this means that the SFI's industrial morality is entirely new, however.Wood products companies, like many other industries, have long had informal codes for governing intra-industry relations, such as not disparaging competitors' products.What is new is the way these norms, a product of collective industry deliberation, challenge traditional ways of doing business and redefine the industry's responsibilities in light of social values widely shared outside the industry.
“(Kurland 1993: 143, quoting Cressey & Moone 1983)”
§ Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 > References
“CRESSEY, DONALD R., and CHARLES A. MOORE (1983) ``Managerial Values and Corporate Codes of Ethics,'' California Management Review 25(4): 53±77.”
Citations
Cites
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
Field, B. C., & Elinor Ostrom, B. (1992) · Land Economics · doi:10.2307/3146384 · Cited by 19,100
Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(84)90023-0 · Cited by 18,957
Olson, M. (1965) · doi:10.4159/9780674041660 · Cited by 14,191
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis
Powell, W., & DiMaggio, P. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393344 · Cited by 11,926
The Logic of Collective Action.
Golembiewski, R. T., & Olson, M. (1966) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091298 · Cited by 11,371
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis
Powell, W. W., & DiMaggio, P. (1991) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226185941.001.0001 · Cited by 7,943
The division of labor in society
Durkheim, É. (1935) · Columbia Law Review · doi:10.4324/9780429499838-5 · Cited by 5,179
Crime, Shame and Reintegration
Braithwaite, J. (1989) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804618 · Cited by 4,153
Scott, M. B., & Lyman, S. M. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092239 · Cited by 2,577
Responsive regulation: transcending the deregulation debate
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1033 · Cited by 1,730
Research works printed but not linked: 41
- [3]3. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION COUNCIL (ANZECC) (1994) Revised Strategy for Ozone Protection in Australia, Report No. 30, April. Canberra: ANZECC. 408 LAW & POLICY October 1997 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033, Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- [12]12. BENNETT, COLIN J. (1996) ``Privacy Codes of the Canadian Bankers Association and the Canadian Standards Association.'' Draft paper presented at the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [13]13. BERKES, FIKRET (1986) ``Marine Inshore Fishery Management in Turkey.'' In Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
- [17]17. BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, and BRENT FISSE (1987) ``Self Regulation and the Costs of Corporate Crime.'' In Private Policing, edited by C.D. Shearing & P.C. Stenning. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
- [21]21. CATANZARO, GERRY, and JUDITH WEINBERG (1994) ``Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions on VPP,'' Job Safety and Health Quarterly 5(Summer): 22±25.
- [23]23. CHEIT, ROSS (1990) Setting Safety Standards: Regulation in the Public and Private Sectors. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
- [24]24. Gunningham & Rees INDUSTRY SELF-REGULATION 409 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033, Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- [25]25. CLADIS, MARK S. (1993) A Communitarian Defense of Liberalism: E Â mile Durkheim and Contemporary Social Theory. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press.
- [26]26. COHEN, DAVID (1996) ``Voluntary Codes: An Overview; The Role of the Canadian State in a Privatized Regulatory Environment.'' Draft paper presented at the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [27]27. COHEN, DAVID, and KERNAGHAN WEBB (eds.) (forthcoming 1998) Exploring Voluntary Codes in the Marketplace. Calgary: Univ. of Calgary Press.
- [29]29. DEE, BILL (1993) ``Can Codes of Conduct be an Effective Alternative to Government Regulation?'' Paper presented to the Ethics and Codes of Conduct Conference, 3 November, Sydney.
- [30]30. DIMAGGIO, PAUL J. (1996) ``Structural Analysis of Organizational Fields: A Block- model Approach.'' In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by B.M. Staw & L.L. Cummings. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
- [32]32. DRUCKER, PETER F. (1986) ``A Crisis of Capitalism,'' Wall Street Journal 30 Sep- tember: 32. ÐÐ (1994) ``The Theory of the Business,'' Harvard Business Review (September± October): 95±104.
- [35]35. FRIEDMAN, MILTON (1962) Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
- [39]39. GRODSKY, JAMIE A. (1993) ``Certified Green: The Law and Future of Environmental Labelling,'' Yale Journal of Regulation 10: 147±227.
- [41]41. GUNNINGHAM, NEIL, and DARREN SINCLAIR (forthcoming 1998) ``Integrative Regulation: Pluralistic Environmental Policy.'' In Regulatory Mix: Designing Integrated Environmental Policy, edited by N. Gunningham & P. Grabosky. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- [42]42. HAINES, FIONA (1996) ``Dynamic Regulation in a Dual Economy: Understanding the Production and Destruction of Corporate Virtue.'' Unpublished paper. Criminology Department, Univ. of Melbourne. 410 LAW & POLICY October 1997 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033, Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- [43]43. HANDY, CHARLES (1989) The Age of Unreason. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
- [46]46. HAYES, ROBERT H., and WILLIAM J. ABERNATHY (1980) ``Managing Our Way to Economic Decline,'' Harvard Business Review 58(4): 67±77.
- [48]48. JACOBS, MICHAEL T. (1991) Short-Term America: The Causes and Curses of our Business Myopia. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
- [49]49. JENSEN, MICHAEL C. (1986) ``The Takeover Controversy: Analysis and Evidence,'' Midland Corporate Finance Journal 4(Summer): 6±32.
- [52]52. KOHLER, THOMAS C. (1995) ``Civic Virtue At Work: Unions As Seedbeds Of The Civic Virtues,'' Boston College Law Review 36: 279±304.
- [56]56. LOESCHER, SAMUEL M. (1984) ``Bureaucratic Measurement, Shuttling Stock Shares, and Shortened Time Horizons: Implications for Economic Growth,'' Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 24(Winter): 8±23.
- [58]58. MARTIN, J. (1995) ``Performance-Oriented Regulatory Programs.'' Paper presented to the New South Wales Regulation Review Conference, June, Sydney.
- [59]59. MCCHESNEY, ALLAN (1996) ``Voluntary Standards and Dispute Resolution in Canada's Cable Television Industry.'' Draft paper presented to the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [63]63. NOLL, ROGER G. (1971) ``The Behavior of Regulatory Agencies,'' Review of Social Economy 29: 15±19.
- [65]65. Gunningham & Rees INDUSTRY SELF-REGULATION 411 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033, Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- [66]66. OFFICE OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS (1996) ``Summary of the Symposium on Voluntary Codes.'' Draft paper presented to the Voluntary Codes Project, Office of Con- sumer Affairs, Treasury Board of Canada, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [70]70. PAGE, A.C. (1980) ``Self Regulation and Codes of Practice,'' Journal of Business Law 1980: 24±31.
- [71]71. PENGILLEY, WARREN (1990) ``Competition Law and Voluntary Codes of Self Regu- lation: An Individual Assessment of What Has Happened to Date,'' University of New South Wales Law Journal 13(2): 212±301.
- [74]74. PURCHASE, BRYNE (1996) ``Political Economy of Voluntary Codes: Executive Summary.'' Draft paper presented at the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [75]75. REES, JOSEPH V. (1988) Reforming The Workplace: A Study of Self-Regulation in Occupational Safety. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. ÐÐ (1994) Hostages of Each Other: The Transformation of Nuclear Safety Since Three Mile Island. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. ÐÐ (1997) ``Development of Communitarian Regulation in the Chemical Industry,'' Law & Policy 19: 477±528.
- [76]76. RHONE, GREGORY T. (1996) ``The Gap, Inc. Sourcing Principles & Guidelines.'' Draft paper presented at the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, 12±13 September, Ottawa. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
- [77]77. RICHARDSON, WILLIAM, and DAVID MORRIS (1988) ``Towards More Effective Consumer Market-Place Interventions,'' Journal of Consumer Policy 11: 315±34.
- [83]83. SCOTT, W. RICHARD (1991) ``Unpacking Institutional Arguments.'' In Powell & DiMaggio 1991. ÐÐ (1994) ``Conceptualizing Organizational Fields: Linking Organizations and Societal Systems.'' In SystemrationalitaÈt und Partialinteresse, edited by H-U. Derlien, U. Gerhardt & F.W. Scharpf. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Ver- lagsgesellschaft. ÐÐ (1995) Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publica- tions. 412 LAW & POLICY October 1997 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 14679930, 1997, 4, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033, Wiley Online Library on [23/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- [86]86. SHUPACK, MARTIN (1993) ``The Churches and Human Rights: Catholic and Protestant Human Rights Views as Reflected in Church Statements,'' Harvard Human Rights Journal 6: 127±57.
- [88]88. STONE, CHRISTOPHER D. (1975) Where the Law Ends: The Social Control of Corporate Behavior. New York: Harper & Row. ÐÐ (1985) ``Corporate Regulation: The Place of Social Responsibility.'' In Corrigible Corporations and Unruly Law, edited by B. Fisse & P. French. San Antonio, Tex.: Trinity Univ. Press. ÐÐ (1986) ``Corporate Social Responsibility: What It Might Mean, If It Were Really to Matter,'' Iowa Law Review 71: 557±75.
- [93]93. TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE (1969) Democracy in America, edited by J.P. Mayer & M. Lawrence, trans. by G. Lawrence. New York: Doubleday.
- [94]94. TODD, JOEL ANN, and JOSEPH REES (1997) Review of the Common Sense Initiative. Washington, D.C.: The Scientific Consulting Group for U.S. EPA. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) (1994) The Common Sense Initiative: A New Generation of Environmental Protection. Unpaginated pamphlet. Washington, D.C.: EPA, Office of the Administrator.
- [97]97. WASHINGTON AND LEE LAW REVIEW (1988) ``Regulation Symposium,'' Washington and Lee Law Review 45: 1245±1390.
- [98]98. WEBB, KERNAGHAN, and ANDREW MORRISON (1996) ``The Legal Aspects of Voluntary Codes.'' Draft paper presented to the Voluntary Codes Symposium, Office of Consumer Affairs, Industry Canada and Regulatory Affairs, Treasury Board, Ottawa, 12±13 September. Included in Cohen & Webb forthcoming 1998.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moran, M. (2003) · doi:10.1093/0199247579.001.0001 · Cited by 745
Management-Based Regulation: Prescribing Private Management to Achieve Public Goals
Coglianese, C., & Lazer, D. M. J. (2003) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1046/j.0023-9216.2003.03703001.x · Cited by 437
Good Fences Make Good Neighbors: A Longitudinal Analysis of an Industry Self-Regulatory Institution
Barnett, M. L., & King, A. A. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.35732609 · Cited by 430
Making Self-Regulation More Than Merely Symbolic: The Critical Role of the Legal Environment
Short, J. L., & Toffel, M. W. (2010) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2010.55.3.361 · Cited by 415
“…have argued that internal compliance structures can align the behavior of corporate organizations with law and social expectations (Gunningham and Rees, 1997: 364) and can remake the regulated corporation into a more refl exive (Teubner, 1983; Orts, 1995), Self-Regulation 363/ASQ, September…”
InfluentialPopkin, B. M., Barquera, S., Corvalan, C., Hofman, K. J., Monteiro, C., Ng, S. W., Swart, E. C., & Taillie, L. S. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00078-4 · Cited by 328
Sharma, L. L., Teret, S. P., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.160960 · Cited by 313
Hess, D. (2007) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq200717348 · Cited by 296
Consumer Privacy Choice in Online Advertising: Who Opts Out and at What Cost to Industry?
Johnson, G. A., Shriver, S. K., & Du, S. (2020) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2019.1198 · Cited by 230
Armed, and Dangerous (?): Motivating Rule Adherence Among Agents of Social Control
Tyler, T. R., Callahan, P. E., & Frost, J. (2007) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2007.00304.x · Cited by 227
Private Regulation in the Global Economy: A (P)Review
Büthe, T. (2010) · Business and Politics · doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1328 · Cited by 201
Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe
Finck, M. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108609708 · Cited by 203
Disentangling governance: a synoptic view of regulation by government, business and civil society
Steurer, R. (2013) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-013-9177-y · Cited by 197
“For governance scholars, business self-regulation implies that businesses self-specify rules, self-monitor their conduct and self-enforce compliance without direct and explicit interference from the state or from civil society actors (Gunningham and Rees 1997; Sinclair 1997; Bartle and Vass 2007).”
BackgroundMaking corporate self-regulation effective in developing countries
Graham, D., & Woods, N. (2006) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.022 · Cited by 194
“…on regulation which intervenes at the planning and management stage so as to effect a ‘‘management-based’’ or responsive regulation which ensures that firms pay attention to social and public goods (or to avoiding public bads) (Braithwaite, 1982; Coglianese & Lazer, 2003; Gunningham & Rees, 1997).”
BackgroundTrust but verify? Voluntary regulation programs in the nonprofit sector
Prakash, A., & Gugerty, M. K. (2010) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2009.01067.x · Cited by 192
“As an instrument of social control, in the for-profit sector, such communitarian regulation tends to emerge at the level of industry (Gunningham & Rees 1997) , a phenomenon that holds for the nonprofit sector as well.”
BackgroundPrivate Regulation of Food Safety by Supermarkets
Havinga, T. (2006) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2006.00237.x · Cited by 185
States, Citizens and the Privatisation of Security
Krahmann, E. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139042727 · Cited by 169
Rival private governance networks: Competing to define the rules of sustainability performance
Smith, T. M., & Fischlein, M. (2010) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.03.006 · Cited by 164
What Would Confucius Do? – Confucian Ethics and Self-Regulation in Management
Woods, P., & Lamond, D. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0838-5 · Cited by 165
Creating markets for eco‐labelling: are consumers insignificant?
Gulbrandsen, L. H. (2006) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2006.00534.x · Cited by 161
SELF‐REGULATION WITHIN THE REGULATORY STATE: TOWARDS A NEW REGULATORY PARADIGM?
Bartle, I., & Vass, P. (2007) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00684.x · Cited by 149
Media Governance: A New Concept for the Analysis of Media Policy and Regulation
Puppis, M. (2010) · Communication Culture and Critique · doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2010.01063.x · Cited by 148
Keskitalo, E. C. H., Sandström, C., Tysiachniouk, M. S., et al. (2009) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-02893-140201 · Cited by 148
The Role of Private Decentralized Institutions in Sustaining Industry Self-Regulation
Lenox, M. J. (2006) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0211 · Cited by 142
“Maddala (1983) proposes a modification to the classic Heckman (1979) selection model to analyze treatment effects.”
MethodAfter greenwashing: symbolic corporate environmentalism and society
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.185795 · Cited by 135
Can self-regulation save digital platforms?
Cusumano, M. A., Gawer, A., & Yoffie, D. B. (2021) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtab052 · Cited by 145
Accounting for modern slavery: an analysis of Australian listed company disclosures
Christ, K. L., Rao, K. K., & Burritt, R. L. (2019) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-11-2017-3242 · Cited by 140
Recommender systems and the amplification of extremist content
Whittaker, J., Looney, S., Reed, A., & Votta, F. (2021) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2021.2.1565 · Cited by 135
Signaling virtue: voluntary accountability programs among nonprofit organizations
Gugerty, M. K. (2009) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-009-9085-3 · Cited by 128
Governance of algorithms: options and limitations
Saurwein, F., Just, N., & Latzer, M. (2015) · Info · doi:10.1108/info-05-2015-0025 · Cited by 156
“For several years, research on alternative modes of governance has received a great deal of scholarly attention (Büthe and Mattli, 2011; Gunningham and Rees, 1997; Gupta and Lad, 1983; Sinclair, 1997), in particular, regarding their application, suitability and effectiveness in communications…”
BackgroundOverdevest, C., & Rickenbach, M. G. (2005) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2005.03.014 · Cited by 117
Self-Regulation as Policy Process: The Multiple and Criss-Crossing Stages of Private Rule-Making
Porter, T., & Ronit, K. (2006) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-006-9008-5 · Cited by 115
Formal institutions, informal institutions, and red tape: A comparative study
Kaufmann, W., Hooghiemstra, R. B. H., & Feeney, M. K. (2018) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12397 · Cited by 116
Local institutions and farmer participation in agri-environmental schemes
Taylor, B., & van Grieken, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.11.011 · Cited by 112
Evolution of Nonprofit Self-Regulation in Europe
Bies, A. L. (2010) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764010371852 · Cited by 114
The Infrastructure of Collective Action and Policy Content Diffusion in the Organic Food Industry
Lee, B. H. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.47084925 · Cited by 104
Eisner, M. (2004) · Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2004.00241.x · Cited by 85
Boating- and Shipping-Related Environmental Impacts and Example Management Measures: A Review
Byrnes, T. A., & Dunn, R. (2020) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse8110908 · Cited by 100
Maritime safety and the ISM code: a study of investigated casualties and incidents
Batalden, B.-M., & Sydnes, A. K. (2013) · WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs · doi:10.1007/s13437-013-0051-8 · Cited by 108
“This provides the regulated targets with flexibility for tailoring cost-effective measures according to their specific circumstances (Gilad 2010; Baldwin and Cave 1999; Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundModels of the Company and the Employment Relationship
Parkinson, J. (2003) · British Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1111/1467-8543.00284 · Cited by 96
“…artificial entities or group actors, the notion of a corporate ‘conscience’ is a helpful analogue for the processes necessary in complex organizations to ensure that they comply with social regulation and the broader values that underlie it (Gunningham and Rees 1997: 380–2; Selznick 1992: 345–54).”
Stakeholder harm index: A framework to review work intensification from the critical HRM perspective
Mariappanadar, S. (2014) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.03.009 · Cited by 105
Hawkins, K. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243891.001.0001 · Cited by 98
How Do Public Disclosure Pollution Control Programs Work? Evidence from IndonesiaPreprint
Afsah, S., Blackman, A., & Ratunanda, D. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.10515 · Cited by 87
Rouvière, E., & Caswell, J. A. (2012) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.02.009 · Cited by 88
From government to governance: External influences on business risk management
Hutter, B. M., & Jones, C. J. A. (2007) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00004.x · Cited by 87
Selecting sustainable teams for PPP projects
Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Anvuur, A. M. (2007) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.02.001 · Cited by 87
Corporate Social Responsibility and the State: International Approaches to Forest Co-Regulation
Lister, J. (2011) · Cited by 87
Potts, J. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937492.001.0001 · Cited by 97
Newman, A. L., & Bach, D. (2004) · Governance · doi:10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00251.x · Cited by 84
Risk-based approaches to food safety regulation: what role for co-regulation?
Martínez, M. G., Verbruggen, P., & Fearne, A. P. (2013) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2012.743157 · Cited by 78
“…at different stages and levels of the regulatory process (Prosser 2005), and that even the purest forms of self-regulation may show traces of government involvement or pressures, the potential set of forms of regulation the label ‘co-regulation’ could cover is vast (Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundIntegrative Regulation: A Principle-Based Approach to Environmental Policy
GUNNINGHAM, N. A., & Sinclair, D. (1999) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1999.tb00407.x · Cited by 74
Self-citationThe Puzzle of Private Rulemaking: Expertise, Flexibility, and Blame Avoidance in U.S. Regulation
Weimer, D. L. (2006) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00617.x · Cited by 73
Marking Their Own Homework: The Pragmatic and Moral Legitimacy of Industry Self-Regulation
Bowen, F. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3635-y · Cited by 72
“In principle, ISR can provide flexible and innovative social improvements at lower cost than direct state regulation (Coglianese and Mendelson 2010; Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulatory Choice for Alternative Modes of Regulation: How Context Matters
Saurwein, F. (2011) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2011.00341.x · Cited by 72
The effectiveness of NGO self‐regulation: theory and evidence from Africa
Gugerty, M. K. (2008) · Public Administration and Development · doi:10.1002/pad.490 · Cited by 69
Codes of Conduct and Standard Setting in the Forest Sector
Overdevest, C. (2004) · Relations industrielles · doi:10.7202/009131ar · Cited by 68
“Rees (1994, 1997) and Gunningham and Rees (1997) note that, theoretically speaking, industry-based schemes might offer significant organizational advantages for increasing the diffusion of coded practice broadly across members of an industry.”
BackgroundThe Dark Net: Self-Regulation Dynamics of Illegal Online Markets for Identities and Related Services
Wehinger, F. (2011) · European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference · doi:10.1109/eisic.2011.54 · Cited by 67
“The paper focuses on individual self-regulation within specific illegal online marketplaces in contrast to industry-wide selfregulation [8] [9] that does not exist in illegal markets.”
BackgroundThe Role of Non-State Actors in Regulation
Hutter, B. M. (2006) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 65
Towards a Better Understanding of Building Regulation
van der Heijden, J., & Jong, J. D. (2009) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b34120 · Cited by 67
“…can, in a broad sense, be considered to be taking place when a group of firms or individuals exercise control over its own membership and their behaviour (Baldwin and Cave, 1999, page 125), but often with a certain amount of government participation (Gunningham and Rees, 1997, page 365).”
Private Governance as Public Policy: A Paradigmatic Shift
Rudder, C. E. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s002238160808095x · Cited by 58
Meier, H. E., & García, B. (2015) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12208 · Cited by 60
The Diffusion of Voluntary Environmental Programs: The Case of ISO 14001 in Korea, 1996–2011
Baek, K. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2846-3 · Cited by 58
“This new regulatory process is called self-regulation (Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundChoice editing as a retailers’ tool for sustainable consumption
Gunn, M., & Mont, O. (2014) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-12-2012-0110 · Cited by 58
Rahim, M. M., & Alam, S. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1699-x · Cited by 58
“All of these governance devices have normally been created on a voluntary basis to constitute what is referred to as ‘corporate self-regulation’ (Parker 2002; Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
Comparing self-regulation and statutory regulation: Evidence from the accounting profession
Anantharaman, D. (2012) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2011.12.003 · Cited by 58
“…between selfregulation and statutory regulation is often characterized as a trade-off between independence and expertise (Glover et al., 2009; Gunningham & Rees, 1997; Palmrose, 2006), I identify variation across reviewers in these dimensions, and examine how it affects the likelihood of…”
BackgroundConsumer Protection on Kickstarter
Blaseg, D., Schulze, C., & Skiera, B. (2020) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2019.1203 · Cited by 54
“…could include private self-regulation, by which an individual enterprise regulates itself independent of others, and industry self-regulation, by which enterprises decide to cooperate with each other and build an industry-level organization that sets rules and standards (Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundHerzog, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3562-y · Cited by 56
Font, X., Bonilla-Priego, M. J., & Kantenbacher, J. (2019) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2018.1538231 · Cited by 59
“Coercive or regulative mechanisms are based on rules, monitoring and sanctions (or recompense) (Gunningham & Rees, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialModes of Regulation in the Governance of the European Union: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation
Knill, C., & Lenschow, A. (2004) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781845420673.00020 · Cited by 53
Howlett, M. P. (2003) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/s0308-597x(03)00086-1 · Cited by 51
“This has also been accompaniedwith some moves towards industry self-regulation through voluntary codes of conduct although this last is very problematic andhas not proceed edvery far [ 29 ].”
BackgroundRussian Legal Culture: An Analysis of Adaptive Response to an Institutional Transplant
Kurkchiyan, M. (2009) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01149.x · Cited by 49
Gossum, P. V., Arts, B. J. M., & Verheyen, K. (2009) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2009.08.010 · Cited by 49
Private roles in food safety provision: the law and economics of private food safety
Fagotto, E. (2013) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-013-9414-z · Cited by 49
Bowman, D. M., & Hodge, G. A. (2009) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2009.01046.x · Cited by 47
Industry Self‐Regulation: A Game‐Theoretic Typology of Strategic Voluntary Compliance
Ashby, S., Chuah, S., & Hoffmann, R. F. (2004) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/1357151032000172255 · Cited by 45
“cle to avert more direct government regulation (Bomsel et al., 1996; Page, 1986; Baggot, 1989; Gunningham and Rees, 1997; Sinclair, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Cooperation in Responsible AI DevelopmentPreprint
Askell, A., Brundage, M., & Hadfield, G. K. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.04534 · Cited by 110
“(Gunningham and Rees, 1997).39 Examples of self-regulation include Responsible Care: a self-regulation program in the US chemicals industry (Gamper-Rabindran and Finger, 2013), and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO): an industry organization that conducts inspections and facilitates…”
BackgroundThe Quantum Governance Stack: Models of Governance for Quantum Information Technologies
Perrier, E. (2022) · Digital Society · doi:10.1007/s44206-022-00019-x · Cited by 55
“Softer methods involve, at the communal level, industry codes or conduct or at the firm level Gunningham et al. (1998), Gunningham and Rees (1997), integrated risk management frameworks.”
MethodReeve, B., & Magnusson, R. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.01.007 · Cited by 47
Nanotechnology Regulation: A Study in Claims Making
Malloy, T. F. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn103480e · Cited by 45
The Diffusion, Regulation and Governance of Closed-Circuit Television in the UK
Webster, W. R. (2002) · Surveillance & Society · doi:10.24908/ss.v2i2/3.3376 · Cited by 45
“It implies the coexistence of traditional regulation and self-regulation in such a way that responsibilities about the provision of the technology are shared between the regulating and providing agencies (Gunningham and Rees, 1997; Just and Latzer, 2004; Marsden, 2000).”
BackgroundHong, J., Zhou, Z.-H., Li, X., & Lau, K. H. (2020) · The International Journal of Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijlm-05-2018-0124 · Cited by 44
Tarred and Untarred by the Same Brush: Exploring Interdependence in the Volatility of Stock Returns
Barnett, M. L. (2007) · Corporate Reputation Review · doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550035 · Cited by 44
Lu, J., Rong, D., Eweje, G., et al. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.4047 · Cited by 43
Magnusson, R., & Reeve, B. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7075221 · Cited by 44
“The third dimension of regulatory design highlighted in Table 1 is enforcement: the provision of “carrots” that encourage companies to join voluntary schemes and to change their products in line with their commitments, combined with “sticks” that deter non-compliance and prevent free-riding on voluntary schemes [107,1…”
BackgroundParkinson, J. (2003) · Journal of Corporate Law Studies · doi:10.1080/14735970.2003.11419892 · Cited by 42
Strategies for improving complex construction health and safety regulatory environments
Umeokafor, N. I., Evangelinos, K. I., & Windapo, A. O. (2020) · International Journal of Construction Management · doi:10.1080/15623599.2019.1707853 · Cited by 44
“Self-regulation varies from country-to-country and industry-to-industry hence there is no satisfactory definition (Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundHitting the mark or falling short with nanotechnology regulation?
Ludlow, K., Bowman, D. M., & Kirk, D. D. (2009) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.07.007 · Cited by 41
Are Members of Business for Social Responsibility More Socially Responsible?
Tashman, P., & Rivera, J. E. (2010) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00371.x · Cited by 40
The private costs and benefits of environmental self‐regulation: which firms have most to gain?
Stoeckl, N. (2004) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.405 · Cited by 39
Corporate Social Responsibility and the State
Lister, J. (2011) · University of British Columbia Press eBooks · doi:10.59962/9780774820356 · Cited by 38
Engagement with disability: analysis of annual reports of Indian organizations
Kulkarni, M., & Rodrigues, C. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.837088 · Cited by 40
“Organizations abide by this morality because the complex process of interaction by which such norms are formed, interpreted and developed enhances their legitimacy (Gunningham and Rees 1997).”
BackgroundFrontline Safety: Understanding the Workplace as a Site of Regulatory Engagement
Almond, P., & Gray, G. (2016) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/lapo.12070 · Cited by 37
“…1992; Bardach and Kagan 1982; Braithwaite 1985; Hutter 2001; May and Burby 1998), the inherent and contextual features of organizations (Genn 1993; Gunningham and Rees 1997; Hawkins and Hutter 1993; Thornton, Guningham and Kagan 2005), and the socio-cultural and legal context within which…”
Lytton, T. D. (2017) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716217690330 · Cited by 37
Alonso‐Almeida, M. D. M., & Antón, J. M. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17062086 · Cited by 37
“[18] asserted that institutional pressure has a significant impact through three lines of action: (a) Coercive pressure is exerted by laws and based on a system of rules, sanctions, and rewards [19]; (b) normative pressure is promoted by regulations, recommendations, and rules provided to reach certain goal [17]; and…”
BackgroundGlobal Environmental Standards for Industry
Angel, D. P., Hamilton, T., & Huber, M. T. (2007) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.32.031306.102415 · Cited by 36
Monitoring and enforcement: Is two-tier regulation robust? — A case study of Ankleshwar, India
Kathuria, V. K., & Sterner, T. (2005) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.004 · Cited by 36
“, Institute of Nuclear power Operators of Nuclear Power industry) – both comprising of large units (Gunningham and Rees, 1997).”
BackgroundIndustry Associations as Change Agents: The Institutional Roles of Newspaper Associations
Nordqvist, M., Picard, R. G., & Pesämaa, O. (2010) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2010.11073511 · Cited by 36
“…through knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting (Damsgaard & Lyytinen, 2001), in developing and participating in self regulation and codes of practice (Gunningham & Rees, 1997; Clark, 1999; Haufler, 2001), and promoting favorable trade policies (Procassini, 1995; Sell, 1995).”
BackgroundDorbeck-Jung, B. R., Vrielink, M. J. O., Gosselt, J. F., et al. (2010) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01079.x · Cited by 35
Lin‐Hi, N., & Blumberg, I. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3075-0 · Cited by 35
Osborn, D., & Datta, A. (2006) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.020 · Cited by 35
Gehman, J., Thompson, D. Y., Alessi, D. S., Allen, D. M., & Goss, G. G. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8090912 · Cited by 33
“In other words, SLO emerged as a form of industry self-regulation [27–30].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gunningham, N., & Rees, J.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- ORCID
- Gunningham, Neil
- Venue
- Law & Policy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-414
- ISSN
- 0265-8240 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9930
- OpenAlex
- W1969175364
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Law & Policy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Regulation and Compliance Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Keywords
- industry self-regulation, institutional theory, social control, mediating institutions, external pressure, role of the state, third parties, regulatory theory, group behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
