The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the Specification and Estimation of the Production Function for Cognitive Achievement
Open accessAbstract
This paper considers methods for modelling the producLion lLinction for cognitive achieve-ment in a way that captures theoretical notions thai child development is a cumulative process depending on the history of family and school inputs and on innate ability. It develops a general modelling framework that accommodates many of the estimating equations used in the literatures. It considers different ways of addressing data limitations, and it makes precise the identifying assumptions needed to justify alternative approaches. Commonly used specifica-tions are shown to place restrictive assumptions on ihe production technology'. Ways of testing modelling assumptions and of relaxing them are discussed. An extensive, mullidisciplinar) empirical literature studies the determinants of cognitivt ' achievement in children. The early childhood developmer\\t (ECD) branch of this literature seeks to understand the role of parental characteristics and the early home environment in producing cognitive skills. The education production function (EPF) hranch of the literature examines the productivity relationship between schooling inputs and test score outcomes for school-age children.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, ˜ κ g cannot be interpreted as the structural impact of teacher quality holding fixed all other inputs in a general model of the education production function (e.g., Todd and Wolpin 2003).”
From Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood (2014) · cites this paper as Todd and Wolpin 2003
Citations
Cites
Specification Tests in Econometrics
Hausman, J. A. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913827 · Cited by 18,820
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects
Imbens, G. W., & Angrist, J. D. (1994) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2951620 · Cited by 4,101
(1972) · American Economic Review · Cited by 2,982
Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects
Angrist, J. D., & Imbens, G. W. (1995) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/t0118 · Cited by 2,915
(1986) · Journal of Economic Literature · Cited by 2,705
The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings
Ben-Porath, Y. (1967) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259291 · Cited by 2,646
Child Endowments and the Quantity and Quality of Children
Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1976) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260536 · Cited by 1,640
Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Scholastic Achievement
Angrist, J. D., & Lavy, V. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556061 · Cited by 1,482
The Career Decisions of Young Men
Keane, M. P., & Wolpin, K. I. (1997) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/262080 · Cited by 1,362
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Blau, 1992, ‘Maternal labor supply and children's cognitive development’, F474
- Burtless, 1996, Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success
- Case, 1992, Exploring the Conceptual Underpinnings of Children's Thought and Knowledge
- Dustmann, 2003, Economic Journal, FF99
- Godfrey, 1990, Misspecification Tests in Econometrics
- Hanushek, 1996, Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success
- Hanushek, 1998, ‘Conclusion and controversies about the effectiveness of school resources’, Economic Policy Review, 4, F11
- Heckman, 1992, Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs, F201
- Heckman, 2000, ‘Causal parameters, structural equations, treatment effects and randomized evaluations of social programs’
- Hedges, 1996, Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success
- Krueger, 2000, Miliken Institute Award for Distinguished Economic Research paper
- Ludwig, 1999, ‘School spending and student achievement: new evidence from longitudinal data’
- Sanders, 1997, Grading Teachers, Grading Schools: Is Student Achievement a Valid Evaluation Measure
- Wolpin, 1995, Fundamentals of Pure Applied Economic Series, Empirical Methods for the Study of Labor Force Dynamics, 60
- Wolpin, 1997, Handbook of Population and Family Economics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 999
Pupil-Teacher Gender Interaction Effects on Scholastic Outcomes in England and the UsaPreprint
Ammermueller, A., & Dolton, P. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.927689 · Cited by 58
COVID-19 Learning Loss and Recovery: Panel Data Evidence from India
Singh, A., Romero, M., & Muralidharan, K. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30552 · Cited by 58
Gender, single-sex schooling and maths achievement
Doris, A., O’Neill, D., & Sweetman, O. (2013) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.04.001 · Cited by 60
School accountability and teacher mobility
Feng, L., Figlio, D., & Sass, T. R. (2017) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2017.11.001 · Cited by 57
Barrera‐Osorio, F., Garcia-Moreno, V. A., Patrinos, H. A., & Porta, E. E. (2011) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5584 · Cited by 57
Herbst, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.06.003 · Cited by 61
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES AND OUTCOMESPreprint
Leclercq, F. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 56
Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania*
Mbiti, I., Muralidharan, K., Romero, M., Schipper, Y., Manda, C., & Rajani, R. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.3386/w24876 · Cited by 177
Rolleston, C. (2014) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2013.873528 · Cited by 55
Long Term Effects of Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India
Muralidharan, K. (2012) · Cited by 55
Lecture Attendance, Study Time, and Academic Performance: A Panel Data Study
Andrietti, V., & Velasco, C. (2015) · The Journal of Economic Education · doi:10.1080/00220485.2015.1040182 · Cited by 55
The Girl Next Door: The Effect of Opposite Gender Friends on High School Achievement
Hill, A. (2015) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20140030 · Cited by 55
The impact of the 1999 education reform in Poland
Jakubowski, M., Porta, E., Wiśniewski, J., & Patrinos, H. (2010) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5263 · Cited by 75
Industrial actions in schools: strikes and student achievement
Baker, M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12035 · Cited by 54
Geographical differences in Italian students' mathematical competencies: Evidence from Pisa 2003
Bratti, M., Daniele Checchi, A., & Filippin, A. (2007) · Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) · Cited by 54
Teacher opinions on performance pay: Evidence from India
Muralidharan, K., & Sundararaman, V. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.02.001 · Cited by 53
Improving educational quality: how best to evaluate our schools
Hanushek, E. A., & Raymond, M. E. (2002) · Conference Series ; [Proceedings] · Cited by 53
Quality Of Schooling And Quality Of Schools For Indigenous Students In Guatemala, Mexico, And Peru
Hernandez-Zavala, M., Patrinos, H. A., Sakellariou, C. N., & Shapiro, J. (2006) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3982 · Cited by 53
Stanca, L. M. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.625442 · Cited by 53
Efficiency in Education: Research and Implications
Grosskopf, S., Hayes, K. J., & Taylor, L. L. (2014) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1093/aepp/ppu007 · Cited by 52
BIRTH WEIGHT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
Chatterji, P., Kim, D., & Lahiri, K. (2014) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3074 · Cited by 55
Can Your Child Read and Count? Measuring Learning Outcomes in East Africa
Jones, S., Schipper, Y., Ruto, S., & Rajani, R. (2014) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/eju009 · Cited by 74
Cordes, S. A. (2017) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00240 · Cited by 52
Horn, D. (2013) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2013.01.002 · Cited by 51
Is a good elementary teacher always good? Assessing teacher performance estimates across subjects
Goldhaber, D. D., Cowan, J., & Walch, J. (2013) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.06.010 · Cited by 55
Diversity in Schools: Immigrants and the Educational Performance of U.S.-Born Students
Figlio, D., Giuliano, P., Marchingiglio, R., Özek, U., & Sapienza, P. (2023) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdad047 · Cited by 54
Lundberg, M., & Wuermli, A. J. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.1956/978-0-8213-9547-9 · Cited by 52
Peer Effects: Evidence from Secondary School Transition in England
Gibbons, S., & Telhaj, S. (2015) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12095 · Cited by 51
Nikolova, M., & Nikolaev, B. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.05.005 · Cited by 58
Chapter 55 Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy
Orazem, P. F., & King, E. M. (2007) · Handbook of development economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04055-7 · Cited by 149
The effect of school resources on test scores in EnglandPreprint
Nicoletti, C., & Rabe, B. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 51
The impact of learning first in mother tongue: evidence from a natural experiment in Ethiopia
Seid, Y. (2018) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1497852 · Cited by 54
Alam, G. M., & Forhad, M. A. R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151410979 · Cited by 50
Test-Mex: Estimating the effects of school year length on student performance in Mexico
Agüero, J. M., & Beleche, T. (2013) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.03.008 · Cited by 50
Ethnic enclaves in the classroom
Friesen, J., & Krauth, B. V. (2011) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.01.005 · Cited by 50
Sorting, peers, and achievement of Aboriginal students in British Columbia
Friesen, J., & Krauth, B. V. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01614.x · Cited by 50
Meier, K. J., O’Toole, L. J., Boyne, G. A., Walker, R. M., & Andrews, R. (2010) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399710362717 · Cited by 50
Delivering Education to the Underserved Through a Public-Private Partnership Program in Pakistan
Barrera‐Osorio, F., Blakeslee, D., Hoover, M. A., Linden, L., Raju, D., & Ryan, S. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23870 · Cited by 50
The Educational Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction during the Pandemic
Goldhaber, D., Kane, T. J., McEachin, A., Morton, E., Patterson, T., & Staiger, D. O. (2023) · American Economic Review: Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20220180 · Cited by 49
Partial Insurance and Investments in Children
Carneiro, P., & Ginja, R. (2016) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12421 · Cited by 49
Goldhaber, D. D., & Chaplin, D. (2015) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2014.978059 · Cited by 49
Teacher heterogeneity, value-added and education policy
Condie, S. S., Lefgren, L. J., & Sims, D. (2014) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.11.009 · Cited by 49
Education in the 21st century : meeting the challenges of a changing world
Kodrzycki, Y. K. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 49
Student Achievement and University Classes: Effects of Attendance, Size, Peers, and TeachersPreprint
Martins, P. S., & Walker, I. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.955298 · Cited by 49
The Persistence of Teacher-Induced Learning Gains
Jacob, B. A., Lefgren, L. J., & Sims, D. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14065 · Cited by 61
Disabled Peers and Academic Achievement
Friesen, J., Hickey, R., & Krauth, B. V. (2010) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00003 · Cited by 48
A Comparison of Student Growth Percentile and Value-Added Models of Teacher Performance
Guarino, C. M., Reckase, M. D., Stacy, B. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2015) · Statistics and Public Policy · doi:10.1080/2330443x.2015.1034820 · Cited by 48
Inadequacies in the SES–Achievement model: Evidence from PISA and other studies
Marks, G. N., & O'Connell, M. (2021) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3293 · Cited by 47
Explaining the socio-economic status school completion gap
Polidano, C., Hanel, B., & Buddelmeyer, H. (2013) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2013.789482 · Cited by 53
Early life height and weight production functions with endogenous energy and protein inputs
Puentes, E., Wang, F., Behrman, J. R., Cunha, F., Hoddinott, J. F., Maluccio, J. A., Adair, L. S., Borja, J. B., Martorell, R., & Stein, A. D. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.03.002 · Cited by 47
Ferrera, J. M. C., Polo, C., González, D. S., & Simancas, R. (2018) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.05.001 · Cited by 47
THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL EMPLOYMENT ON CHILD SCHOOLING
Ermisch, J., & Francesconi, M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2260 · Cited by 47
Holmlund, H., & Silva, O. (2014) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/676460 · Cited by 55
How Learning a Musical Instrument Affects the Development of SkillsPreprint
Hille, A., & Schupp, J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2338467 · Cited by 47
Goldhaber, D. D., & Hansén, M. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722392011-001 · Cited by 47
Teacher Pension Systems, the Composition of the Teaching Workforce, and Teacher Quality
Koedel, C., Podgursky, M. J., & Shi, S. (2013) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.21699 · Cited by 48
Impediments to the Estimation of Teacher Value Added
Ishii, J., & Rivkin, S. G. (2009) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp.2009.4.4.520 · Cited by 48
Evaluating the provision of school performance information for school choice
Allen, R. S., & BURGESS, S. M. (2013) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.02.001 · Cited by 46
Exploring the role of parental engagement in non-cognitive skill development over the lifecourse
Elkins, R., & Schurer, S. (2020) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-020-00767-5 · Cited by 46
Parents’ economic support of young-adult children: do socioeconomic circumstances matter?
Cobb‐Clark, D. A., & Gørgens, T. (2013) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-013-0484-6 · Cited by 46
Principals as Agents: Subjective Performance Measures in EducationPreprint
Jacob, B. A., & Lefgren, L. J. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.757356 · Cited by 47
Causal Effects of Maternal Time-Investment on Children's Cognitive OutcomesPreprint
Villena-Roldán, B., & Rios‐Aguilar, C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2255809 · Cited by 46
On the Identification of Production Functions: How Heterogeneous is Productivity?
Gandhi, A., Navarro, S., & Rivers, D. (2011) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 46
Kramarz, F., Machin, S. J., & Ouazad, A. C.-L. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1283643 · Cited by 46
Locus of Control and its Intergenerational Implications for Early Childhood Skill Formation
Lekfuangfu, W. N., Powdthavee, N., Warrinnier, N., & Cornaglia, F. (2016) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12414 · Cited by 44
Guarino, C. M., Dieterle, S., Bargagliotti, A., & Mason, W. (2013) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.706695 · Cited by 45
McIntosh, J., & Munk, M. D. (2006) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-006-0061-3 · Cited by 46
The role of grandparenting in early childcare and child outcomes
Boca, D. D., Piazzalunga, D., & Pronzato, C. (2017) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-017-9379-8 · Cited by 45
Do differences in teacher contracts affect student performance : evidence from Togo
Vegas, E., & de Laat, J. (2003) · Cited by 45
When Can School Inputs Improve Test Scores?
Das, J., Dercon, S., Habyarimana, J., Krishnan, P., & Bank, W. (2004) · World Bank policy research working paper · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3217 · Cited by 45
Econometric Methods for Research in Education
Imberman, S. A. (2014) · doi:10.4135/9781483346595.n89 · Cited by 45
McMullen, S. C., & Rouse, K. E. (2012) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.4.4.230 · Cited by 44
A Decomposition Analysis of the Relationship Between Parental Income and Multiple Child Outcomes
Washbrook, E., Gregg, P., & Propper, C. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12074 · Cited by 45
Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation
Miller, A. R. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.154 · Cited by 44
Estimating the Relationship between School Resources and Pupil Attainment at Key Stage 3
Jenkins, A., Levačić, R., Vignoles, A. F., Steele, F., & Allen, R. S. (2005) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 44
Enhancing The Development Of Competencies: the role of UBC
Quintana, C. D. D., Mora, J., Pérez, P. J., & Vila, L. E. (2016) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12162 · Cited by 42
School Management and Public–Private Partnerships in Uganda
Crawfurd, L. (2017) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/ejx021 · Cited by 54
Zhang, Y., Dang, Y., He, Y., Ma, X., & Wang, L. (2021) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-021-09671-3 · Cited by 42
Cohabitation and the Uneven Retreat from Marriage in the U.S., 1950-2010
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19413 · Cited by 43
Does the rotten child spoil his companion? Spatial peer effects among children in rural India
Christian Helmers, B., & Patnam, M. (2014) · Quantitative Economics · doi:10.3982/qe192 · Cited by 41
Field Experiments in Education in Developing Countries
Muralidharan, K. (2017) · Handbook of economic field experiments · doi:10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.09.004 · Cited by 48
The effect of immigrant peers in vocational schools
Frattini, T., & Meschi, E. (2018) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.005 · Cited by 41
Davis, M. A., & Heller, B. (2017) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00244 · Cited by 41
Riani, J. D. L. R., & Rios-Neto, E. L. G. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População · doi:10.1590/s0102-30982008000200004 · Cited by 41
Gottfried, M. A. (2012) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904812467082 · Cited by 41
Towards causal estimates of children's time allocation on skill development
Caetano, G., Kinsler, J., & Teng, H. (2019) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2700 · Cited by 40
The Qualifications and Classroom Performance of Teachers Moving to Charter Schools
Carruthers, C. K. (2012) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00067 · Cited by 40
The Gains From Vertical Scaling
Briggs, D. C., & Domingue, B. W. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998613508317 · Cited by 41
Greaves, E., Hussain, I., Rabe, B., & Imran Rasul, A. (2023) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uead015 · Cited by 41
Explaining intergenerational mobility: The role of fertility and family transfers
Daruich, D., & Kozlowski, J. (2020) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.red.2019.10.002 · Cited by 39
Indigenous social exclusion: Insights and challenges for the concept of social inclusion
Hunter, B. H. (2009) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · Cited by 37
Does the birth order affect the cognitive development of a child?
Heiland, F. W. (2008) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840601083220 · Cited by 39
What Do Test Scores Miss? The Importance of Teacher Effects on Non-Test Score Outcomes
Jackson, C. K. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22226 · Cited by 40
School accountability and teacher mobility
Feng, L., Figlio, D., & Sass, T. R. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16070 · Cited by 39
Diette, T. M., & Oyelere, R. U. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.5.412 · Cited by 38
Student leadership and academic performance
Deng, W., Li, X., Wu, H., & Guo-zheng, X. (2019) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101389 · Cited by 38
The effect of school resources on educational attainment: evidence from Denmark
Heinesen, E., & Graversen, B. K. (2005) · Bulletin of Economic Research · doi:10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00217.x · Cited by 38
Diminishing Marginal Returns and the Production of Education: An International Analysis
Harris, D. N. (2007) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645290601133894 · Cited by 38
Hinnerich, B. T., & Vlachos, J. (2016) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 38
Flèche, S., Lekfuangfu, W. N., & Clark, A. E. (2019) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.09.018 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Todd, P. E., & Wolpin, K. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- The Economic Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 485
- Pages
- F3-F33
- ISSN
- 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0297
- OpenAlex
- W2089954965
- Cited by
- 1,514
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 94
- FWCI
- 212.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- core.ac.uk
- Locations
- The Economic Journal (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- cognitive achievement, production function, child development, early childhood development, education production function, parental characteristics, family environment, innate talent, identification assumptions, test scores
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review