Cited by 638Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAttachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant–mother attachment: a meta-analytic investigation

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Martins, Carla, Gaffan, E. A.·2000·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00661

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Abstract

We analysed results from seven American and British studies that compared groups of mothers with and without clinically diagnosed depression, and assessed the attachment category of their infants (under 3 years) using the Strange Situation. The samples were predominantly middle‐income and free of risk factors other than maternal depression. Meta‐analysis using loglinear modelling and standardised residuals showed that the effect of depression on the distribution of infants' attachment was statistically heterogeneous. However, after removing one outlier study, the effect of depression was homogeneous across the remaining six studies. Infants of depressed mothers showed significantly reduced likelihood of secure (B) attachment and marginally raised likelihood of avoidant (A) and disorganised (D) attachment. The first two effects varied considerably in magnitude between studies, whereas the increase in disorganised attachment, from 17% to 28% on average, was consistent.

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Authors: Martins, C., & Gaffan, E. A.
Affiliations: University of Reading (GB)
ORCID: Martins, Carla
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 41
Issue: 6
Pages: 737-746
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00661
OpenAlex: W1987110394
Cited by: 638
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1137 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: maternal depression, infant attachment, attachment security, attachment avoidance, disorganized attachment, Strange Situation, effect size heterogeneity
MeSH terms: Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Object Attachment

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Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant–mother attachment: a meta-analytic investigation

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