The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are take‐home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria
Open accessAbstract
Background and Aims: Fatal outcome of opioid overdose, once detected, is preventable through timely administration of the antidote naloxone. Take‐home naloxone provision directly to opioid users for emergency use has been implemented recently in more than 15 countries worldwide, albeit mainly as pilot schemes and without formal evaluation. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of take‐home naloxone, with two specific aims: (1) to study the impact of take‐home naloxone distribution on overdose‐related mortality; and (2) to assess the safety of take‐home naloxone in terms of adverse events. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE and PsychINFO were searched for English‐language peer‐reviewed publications (randomized or observational trials) using the Boolean search query: (opioid OR opiate) AND overdose AND prevention. Evidence was evaluated using the nine Bradford Hill criteria for causation, devised to assess a potential causal relationship between public health interventions and clinical outcomes when only observational data are available. Results: A total of 1397 records (1164 after removal of duplicates) were retrieved, with 22 observational studies meeting eligibility criteria. Due to variability in size and quality of the included studies, meta‐analysis was dismissed in favour of narrative synthesis. From eligible studies, we found take‐home naloxone met all nine Bradford Hill criteria. The additional five World Health Organization criteria were all either met partially (two) or fully (three). Even with take‐home naloxone administration, fatal outcome was reported in one in 123 overdose cases (0.8%; 95% confidence interval = 0.4, 1.2). Conclusions: Take‐home naloxone programmes are found to reduce overdose mortality among programme participants and in the community and have a low rate of adverse events.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?
Hill, A. B. (1965) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576505800503 · Cited by 6,974
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698
Use of Interrupted Time Series Analysis in Evaluating Health Care Quality Improvements
Penfold, R. B., & Zhang, F. (2013) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.08.002 · Cited by 1,150
Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Mathers, B., Briegleb, C., Ali, H., Hickman, M., & McLaren, J. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x · Cited by 856
Saved by the nose: Bystander-administered intranasal naloxone hydrochloride for opioid overdose
Doe-Simkins, M., Walley, A. Y., Epstein, A., & Moyer, P. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.146647 · Cited by 250
Opioid overdose prevention with intranasal naloxone among people who take methadone
Walley, A. Y., Doe-Simkins, M., Quinn, E., Pierce, C., Xuan, Z., & Ozonoff, A. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.07.004 · Cited by 107 · cited 5×
“Even when methadone patients were recruited specifically into a THN programme [33], more than 90% of witnessed (and reversed) overdoses were heroin-induced.”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
Strang, J., Volkow, N. D., Degenhardt, L., Hickman, M., Johnson, K., Koob, G. F., Marshall, B. D. L., Tyndall, M., & Walsh, S. L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0137-5 · Cited by 639
Self-citationSoar, J., Berg, K. M., Andersen, L. W., Böttiger, B. W., Cacciola, S., Callaway, C. W., Couper, K., Cronberg, T., D’Arrigo, S., Deakin, C. D., et al. (2020) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.012 · Cited by 616
Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications
Rzasa Lynn, R., & Galinkin, J. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 · Cited by 346
Medication Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Bell, J., & Strang, J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.020 · Cited by 328
Self-citationTouchpoints—opportunities to predict and prevent opioid overdose: a cohort study.
Larochelle, M. R., Bernstein, R., Bernson, D., Land, T., Stopka, T. J., Rose, A. J., Bharel, M., Liebschutz, J. M., & Walley, A. Y. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.039 · Cited by 189
“Naloxone distribution programs and treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are associated with reduced opioid overdose mortality (McDonald and Strang, 2016; Sordo et al., 2017; Walley et al., 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McDonald, R., & Strang, J.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03-30
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1177-1187
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2331803526
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 7.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are take‐home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/add.13326
- The paper
- McDonald, R., & Strang, J. (2016). Are take‐home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13326
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
