The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States
Open accessAbstract
As thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Ferguson, Missouri, to protest the fatal police shooting of unarmed African American teenager Michael Brown in the summer of 2014, news and commentary on the shooting, the protests, and the militarized response that followed circulated widely through social media networks. Through a theorization of hashtag usage, we discuss how and why social media platforms have become powerful sites for documenting and challenging episodes of police brutality and the misrepresentation of racialized bodies in mainstream media.
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Social media create a distorted view of events, such that we only get the perspective of the people who are already in our social network (Garret and Resnick 2011; Pariser 2012; Sunstein 2009).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Garret and Resnick 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening discussion (page unavailable) describes a Digg news stream containing only articles voted for by a reader’s designated friends and warns that following only like-minded friends may prevent exposure to challenging articles. But it presents this as a conditional risk, not as an inevitable effect of social media or proof that people see only their existing network’s perspective; the paper also argues that personalization can increase exposure to diverse views. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pariser 2012 source
- Not matchedcites Sunstein 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response, Twitter users began using the hashtag #NoAngel to highlight the mainstream media's inability to acknowledge the possibility of black victimhood or innocence.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial activism around Michael Brown thus revolved around the hashtag #HandsUpDontShoot, often accompanied by photos of individuals or groups of people with their hands up.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Eyewitness reports said Michael Brown had his hands up in surrender and uttered 'don't shoot' before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, once Ferguson had stabilized as an important news event, many began tweeting about the events without necessarily marking their posts with a hashtag.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twitter also became a site in which to draw connections between what was taking place in Ferguson and state-sanctioned violence in other political contexts.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, recognizing that hashstags can only ever offer a limited, partial, and filtered view of a social world does not require abandoning them as sites of analysis.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the percentage of African Americans who use Twitter (22 percent) is much higher than that of white Americans (16 percent; Bryers 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bryers 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“#Ferguson and its attendant live streams created a similar feeling of shared temporality-particularly during the protests and confrontations with police.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, some of the most important hashtag campaigns emerging out of #Ferguson were targeted at calling attention to both police practices and media representations, suggesting that social media can serve as an important tool for challenging these various forms of racial profiling.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twitter allows users who are territorially displaced to feel like they are united across both space and time.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
In the paper
“As an article in USA Today documents, over the course of the Ferguson events, Antonio French experienced a huge surge in popularity, going from around four thousand to 121 thousand followers in less than a month.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mandaro 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the context of #Ferguson, particular users, such as Antonio French (alderman of St. Louis's 21st Ward) and Wesley Lowery (a reporter for the Washington Post), emerged as key informants whose on-theground accounts in Ferguson were retweeted by thousands of Twitter users.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mandaro 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The protests in Ferguson did not quickly fade.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ferguson October 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once again, the media focused not on state action but on the worthiness of black bodies.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While there were, overall, many more news articles written about Ferguson than about the Ice Bucket Challenge in August of 2014, stories about Ferguson generated an average of 256 Facebook referrals compared with 2,106 referrals for stories about the Ice Bucket Challenge.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McDermott 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, it is worth noting that many who tweeted about #Ferguson from outside Missouri eventually felt the need to visit the town of Ferguson and noted a sharp difference between these two sites.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Browne 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cooper 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social movements have long used media and technology to disseminate, escalate, and enlarge the scope of their struggles: Transistor radios allowed Cuban guerrilla fighters to transmit from the Sierra Maestra; television coverage transformed the riots in Selma, Alabama, into a national event; and e-mail accounts allowed Zapatistas in Chiapas to launch global communiqués.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“#Ferguson did what many of these other tools did: It allowed a message to get out, called global attention to a small corner of the world, and at-tempted to bring visibility and accountability to repressive forces.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to these intertextual considerations, hashtags also have the interdiscursive capacity to lasso accompanying texts and their indexical meanings as part of a frame.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas in most mainstream media contexts the experiences of racialized populations are overdetermined, stereotyped, or tokenized, social media platforms such as Twitter offer sites for collectively constructing counternarratives and reimagining group identities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through this campaign, users sought to call attention to the arbitrary nature of racialized policing, the vulnerability of black bodies, and the problematic ways in which blackness is perceived as a constant threat.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, hashtags have the intertextual potential to link a broad range of tweets on a given topic or disparate topics as part of an intertextual chain, regardless of whether, from a given perspective, these tweets have anything to do with one another.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“One of the differences between Twitter and these earlier forms of technology, however, is its multivocality and dialogicality (Bakhtin 1981).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bakhtin 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It was partly because of this heightened temporality that, as others have noted, the news surrounding Michael Brown's death dominated Twitter much more than Facebook.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] du Toit, 1980, Ethics, Informed Consent, and Fieldwork, Journal of Anthropological Research source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to understand #BlackLivesMatter not simply as a general statement about the inherent value of black life in the face of state-sanctioned racial violence but also as a reflection of the ways that social media can become a site for the revaluation of black materiality.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This inversion underscores the significance of affirming that #BlackLivesMatter in a context where they are disproportionately viewed as threats by state forces and mainstream institutions.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there are powerful coordinating relationships between digital and offline contexts such as #Ferguson and Ferguson proper as well as relationships between digital modalities such as the circulation of information via Twitter and cellular text messages.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Collectively, these interdiscursivities constitute the mediatized eventness of #Ferguson (Agha 2011) and the potential ways it can be recontextualized in relation to other such particular events and genres of events (Briggs and Bauman 1992).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“John Postill (2014) has noted the ways that the use of multiple, novel hashtags reflects savvy social media users' understanding that Twitter rewards novelty over raw numbers in its trending algorithms.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Postill 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wilson's reverse logic, sanctioned by the state, presents a narrative in which an unarmed teenager is a terrifying aggressor and an armed police officer is an innocent victim.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thus important to recognize that the reactions to the death of Michael Brown did not spark in a vacuum; they were fueled by accumulated frustrations over previously mediatized moments of injustice and guided by previous digital campaigns.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This event made clear once again state agents' distorted views of black Americans, especially teenagers-how their very bodies are perceived as looming, larger-than-life threats and how any objects in their possession (e.g., candies, sodas, toys, articles of clothing) are read as weapons.”
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of hashtags such as #HandsUpDontShoot, #IfTheyGunnedMeDown, and #NoAngel speak to the long history of inaccurate and unfair portrayal of African Americans within mainstream media and to the systematic profiling and victim blaming suffered by racializied bodies.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“That is, the publicness and counterpublicness (Warner 2002) of #Ferguson must be understood as a performative context with the potential to be mobilized as part of social projects across individual and collective scales.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Warner 2002 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Here, ideas about race transform not just a sign's value (e.g., as a relatively unremarkable piece of clothing or a sartorial practice associated with criminality, as in the case of the hoodie) but the fundamental ontology of a given sign (e.g., as a bag of candy or a gun, a can of iced tea or drug paraphernalia), thus reflecting the semiotic power of race and racialization (Rosa 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rosa 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Eyewitness reports said Michael Brown had his hands up in surrender and uttered 'don't shoot' before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.
“The first of these campaigns was inspired by eyewitness reports that Michael Brown had his hands up in the air as a sign of surrender and had uttered the words don't shoot just before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a long history of state-sanctioned violence against racialized populations in the United States.
“the long history of state-sanctioned violence against racialized populations”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the #BlackLivesMatter campaign in the United States sought to make visible the long neglected victims of police violence, in part through the circulation of hashtags such as #IfIDieInPolice-Custody and #SayTheirNames, that ask readers to imagine themselves in the place of and join together with the voices of the deceased (Bonilla and Rosa 2015).”
From Exhuming Dead Persons: Forensic Science and the Making of Post-fascist Publics in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as Bonilla and Rosa 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Augé citation year conflicts with reference list
MinorThe text cites Augé's work as published in 2009, but the corresponding reference lists 1995.
“Is Twitter the ultimate "non-place" (Augé 2009) of super modernity”
“Augé, Marc 1995 Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Super- modernity.”
Citations
Cites
The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays
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boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.678878 · Cited by 5,479
Warner, M. (2002) · Public Culture · doi:10.1215/08992363-14-1-49 · Cited by 3,862
Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity
Harvie, D. (1996) · Capital & Class · doi:10.1177/030981689606000111 · Cited by 2,845
Warner, M. (2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3110 · Cited by 2,459
FILTER BUBBLE: Wie wir im Internet entmündigt werden
Pariser, E. (2012) · doi:10.3139/9783446431164 · Cited by 1,849
Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science
Mitchell, J. P., Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (1999) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/2661203 · Cited by 1,560
Coming of age in Second Life: an anthropologist explores the virtually human
Boellstorff, T. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5685 · Cited by 1,421
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The filter bubble: how the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0926 · Cited by 1,319
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 2009, Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives
- Bonilla , Yarimar Non-Sovereign Futures: French Caribbean Politics in the Wake of Disenchantment Chicago University of Chicago Press
- Horst, 2012, Digital Anthropology
- 2003, States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection
Cited by
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Hashtag Activism Due to Restrictions and Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey
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Digital Ethnography (1) Social Media
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Mitchell-Walthour, G. L., & Gillam, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39904-6_16
Mutsaers, P. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198788508.002.0005
Appendix: A Note on Methodology
Mutsaers, P. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198788508.005.0001
Mutsaers, P. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198788508.002.0004
Gelsthorpe, L. R., & Treiber, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198788508.002.0008
Sobieraj, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190089283.002.0004
Sobieraj, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190089283.002.0009
Sobieraj, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190089283.002.0005
Soberanas de nuestros cuerpos: networked framing of abortion legalization in Argentina
Cabas-Mijares, A., & Wichowsky, A. (2024) · Communication Culture and Critique · doi:10.1093/ccc/tcae016
Vaccaro, A. S. (2024) · CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades · doi:10.20318/cian.2024.8665
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Papaoikonomou, E., & Bergara, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change · doi:10.1080/14766825.2024.2387620
“We identify three goals behind this organizational strategy of ‘ hashtag activism ’ (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
Kiyak, S., Coninck, D. D., Mertens, S., et al. (2024) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2024-0023
“Such initiatives have the potential to cultivate political efficacy and facilitate the organization of empathy within online communities (Bahtic-Kunrath and Carolin Gebauer, 2023; Bonilla and Rosa, 2015; Velasquez and LaRose, 2015; Zajak et al., 2021).”
Wang, X., Su, C., Yue, L., & Tong, D. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-20291-y
“Social media users can supervise the mainstream media and effectively record and question false statements [15].”
Downie, C. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47411-8_50-1
Worrall-Carter, H., & Yasseri, T. (2024) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/14407833241284435
“As Bonilla and Rosa (2015) point out, ‘ it is important to examine how and why digital activism has become salient to particular populations ’ (p. 8).”
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King, S. (2025) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404524001039
“Alongside the uptake of the culture through visits to New York City, speakers are exposed to the culture via social media platforms like the former Twitter and Instagram, which also serve as sites for ethnographic fieldwork (Bonilla & Rosa 2015).”
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Das, S. N. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868091.013.21
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“While social media is one possible setting for collective identification and sharing in-group perspectives, using it as a counterspace is challenging (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
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“As Bonilla and Rosa (2015) wrote about the method, it is a way to access both physical and social spaces that need to be explored when getting to know the field.”
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(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-001
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-002
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-005
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-004
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-003
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-011
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-008
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-010
(2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060864-007
Investigating leadership discussion on social media: A NLP and machine learning perspective
Shankar, S., & Tewari, V. (2025) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102936 · Cited by 1
Sariul, A. (2025) · SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN EXPERIENCE · doi:10.62596/8tqyth12
Visions and seeds of change : pathways to defining and seeking liberation
Lee, R. (2022) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/8c7a-nsqc
Downie, C. (2025) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76485-1_50
Taraktaş, B., Duran, K. C., & Üsküdarlı, S. (2025) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2025.2518533
“Patterns of interconnections can be studied through network metrics or community detection algorithms to highlight common and recurrent themes, as demonstrated by previous studies (Y. Bonilla and Rosa 2015; Ince, Rojas, and Davis 2017).”
Bakıner, A. (2025) · The Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/sobider.81821
Amaral, I., & Ventura, D. (2025) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia6030104 · Cited by 3
The Role of the Media in the Expression of Social IssuesPreprint
Kumar, S., & Kaur, S. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5344228
WhatsApp With the State: Digital Modernity and Network Politics in Lima's Peripheries
Skrabut, K. (2025) · The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jlca.70020
Political Satire Through Social Media in India: Memetics at PlayPreprint
Kweera, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5397566
Authenticating Hafu Identities on Instagram: A Small Stories Analysis of Interactions on Hafugods
Mark, L. (2025) · Narrative Works · doi:10.7202/1120149ar
Introduction: Beyond public reason
Boutieri, C., Everett, S. S., & Weiss, E. (2025) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.1111/1467-9655.14318
“…and sincerity above emotional raised tones and populist rhetoric (Mizrachi 2016), vulgar political humour (Andrade 2019; Boyer 2013; Mbembe 1992), or the populist use of social media (Bonilla & Rosa 2015; Fischer 2010; Silver 2021), modes that are (deemed excessively) embodied (Kaviraj 1997).”
Mobility and Migration Online: An Anthropological View
Lange, P. G. (2025) · General Anthropology · doi:10.1111/gena.70000
The Promise and Perils of Online Abortion in Brazil
Marks, A. (2025) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.70030
“Most of my research with women who ended their pregnancies was conducted through digital ethnography, an especially important method given the sensitive nature of the subject matter (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015; Coleman, 2010).”
Barron, L. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-619-520251013
The Performative Momentum of the Hashtag
Andersen, A. A., & Lybæk, N. S. K. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-197-820251005
393Chapter 29 Youth Political Worlds: Digital Media, Cultural Production and Activism
Craig, K. B., & Magaña, M. R. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111215105-039
Teaching Black Social Movements Through #Blacklivesmatter
Winstead, K. C., & Laybourn, W. M. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-425-520251007
Bonilla, T., & Tillery, A. B. (2025) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2025.10042
Between Humanitarian Aid and Political Critique
Zeweri, H. (2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061427-012
Imagining Community Through Counterspeech
Buerger, C. (2026) · Humans · doi:10.3390/humans6010002
“The studies discussed above demonstrate how moral phrases and shared narratives serve as mechanisms through which dispersed actors perform community (Milner, 2016; Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
InfluentialCompartmental Models for Detecting Fake News Propagation in OSN with Variable Population
Kumar, V. N., Kumar, G. P., Datta, S., et al. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08638-9_14
Disclosure, disbelief, enclosure: listening with precarious kids in London
Robinson, K. F. (2025) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.1111/1467-9655.70032
“Over two decades since, anthropological attention on children has increased significantly, addressing digital spaces (Advani 2022; Bonilla & Rosa 2015; Joviˇci´c 2022; Kallus 2023; Miller 2012); conflict (Broch 2024; Cohen & Shulman 2019; Fergusson 2021; Haer 2019; Rosen 2007); crisis (Boyden…”
Digital Activism and Social Movements
Verma, S., Gardia, A., & Das, B. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3920-6.ch005
Tekin, S., Uluğ, Ö. M., Solak, N., Kanık, B., & Uyanık, G. D. (2026) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70041
Prácticas de comunicación en el activismo digital mexicano
Mérida, A. F. (2026) · Global Media Journal México · doi:10.29105/gmjmx23.44-559
“Ejemplos de estas formas de acción colectiva digitalmente mediada han sido las protestas bajo la etiqueta #BlackLivesMatter (Blevins et al., 2019; Bonilla & Rosa, 2015), las movilizaciones de mujeres en América Latina (Cerva Cerna, 2020; Rovira-Sancho & Morales-i-Gras, 2023; Sued & Hernández Garza,…”
Frictional memory: The afterlives of lynching in the digital public spheres
Vasudeva, F., Azizifard, N., & Eetu Mäkelä, A. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448261416894 · Cited by 1
Chen, L., Zhou, K., & Kim, S. J. (2026) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051261419392 · Cited by 2
“For instance, the juxtaposition of #Ferguson with #Egypt or #Palestine in the same posts recontextualized local protest within a global geopolitical frame (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
There's no Black in red, white and blue: racism, nationalism and attitudes about BLM
Afreen, N., Gainous, J., Wagner, K. M., et al. (2026) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-12-2024-0599
The digital K9: Affect, social media, and the projection of the police image
Frade, R. D. G. (2026) · Digital Geography and Society · doi:10.1016/j.diggeo.2026.100163 · Cited by 1
Grasso, A., & Russo, K. E. (2026) · Rilce Revista de Filología Hispánica · doi:10.15581/008.42.1.224-56
Regla-Vargas, A., Alvero, A., & Yazdiha, H. (2026) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517261424160
“…through what some scholars call “ hashtag activism, ” a means of forging a shared space for making sense of reality collectively in real time and organizing disparate individuals into an organized movement (Bonilla and Rosa, 2015; Ince, Rojas and Davis, 2017; Jackson, Bailey and Welles, 2020).”
Digital resistance: a critical analysis of anti-caste activism in the digital sphere
Raman, P. A., & Ratnamala, V. (2026) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2026.2633723
Schmitz, L., & Struck, J. (2026) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x261431581
Razzaque, R. T. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-218-320251016
Cabas-Mijares, A., Grant, R. L., & Jenkins, J. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448261435122
The French #MeToo campaign: Hybrid activism from #BalanceTonPorc to #MeTooInceste
Sancho, G. R., & Morales-i-Gras, J. (2026) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/13505068261438950
“Understanding the French case therefore requires moving beyond simplistic binaries between online and offline action (Bonilla and Rosa, 2015; Mendes and Ringrose, 2019) and examining how feminist testimony circulates across interconnected media environments.”
Happtitude in Action: Emotional Engagement and the Digital Transformation of Political Communication
Verma, S., Bhalla, P., Zafar, S., Kamboj, B., & Monga, S. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-712-920261006
Landragin, L. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f7415d26zccf7z44b9z9de0z7d0b9014cff3
When dance goes viral: racial othering and the making of Sino-African cultural imaginaries
Rautio, S. (2026) · Inter-Asia Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/14649373.2026.2647618
“…a social medium, the online usage of these hashtags allows for the experience of being in a “ digital crowd ” (Postill and Pink 2012, 131) to build on intertextual chains that can be easily retrieved to contest the misrepresentation of racialised bodies within social media (Bonilla and Rosa 2015).”
(De)constructing research ‘expertise’ in transnational participatory warfare
Chonka, P. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251357269
“For example, scraping data for a ‘hashtag eth-nography’ (Bonilla and Rosa, 2015) is complicated by the frequent non-use of hashtags and spelling inconsistencies across the different relevant languages.”
The Psychological Rewards of Online Self-Disclosure
Yu, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5896-3.ch005
General Education at a Crossroads
Rantz, R. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6592-3.ch004
Mbye, F., Badjie, O., Coley, C., & Simmons, W. P. (2025) · Gender and Technology Conference (GTC) · doi:10.1109/gtc64325.2025.11478091
“Online crowdfunding and virtual town halls have empowered activists to organize and advocate for change more efficiently [6].”
(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-591-820261017
Elias, S. K., Dogbe, F., Acosta-Parra, A. R., Alemayehu, A., Asif, F., Feng, Y., Gomez, J. F., Morimoto, I., Preciado, O., Tran, D., et al. (2026) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.70074
Managing Death Anxiety Through Social Media: The Platformed Body and Digital Thanatography on Douyin
Guo, J. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261451350 · Cited by 1
Material Gworls: Consumption and Cosmopolitanism From Jamaica to Japan
Dobson, R. K. (2026) · Anthropology of Work Review · doi:10.1111/awr.70020
Legitimating War and Retaliation in #IsraelUnderFire and #PrayForIsrael
Chiluwa, I., & Strani, K. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394375189.ch6
The Cultural Politics of Natural Hair: Digital Mobilization and the Making of the CROWN Act Movement
Gonzalez, M. S. (2026) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347261447315
“In this sense, the #CROWNAct’s digital life exemplifies what Bonilla and Rosa (2015) term hashtag ethnography: a mode of public witnessing in which networked publics co-produce meaning through iterative participation.”
Negative Consumer–Brand Relationships: Insights From a Literature Review in Elite Abs Journals
Pratte, V., Brandão, A., & Rodrigues, P. (2026) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19947-8_19
de la Torre, M. A., Ortega, G., Ponce, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1080/10894160.2026.2682644
Unpacking the Effects of Media Racism Exposure on Multidimensional Activism Among Asian Americans
Jun, J., Kim, J. K., Woo, B., & Zain, A. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2026.2685720
Metadata
- Authors
- BONILLA, Y., & ROSA, J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- BONILLA, YARIMAR
- ROSA, JONATHAN
- Venue
- American Ethnologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-01-15
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-17
- ISSN
- 0094-0496 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021905382
- Cited by
- 1,116
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 240.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Ethnologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- Ferguson protests, hashtag activism, online protest, social media, police brutality, racialized bodies, Michael Brown, racial politics, political temporality, media representation of race, police militarization, social movements
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