The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States
Open accessAbstract
As thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Ferguson, Missouri, to protest the fatal police shooting of unarmed African American teenager Michael Brown in the summer of 2014, news and commentary on the shooting, the protests, and the militarized response that followed circulated widely through social media networks. Through a theorization of hashtag usage, we discuss how and why social media platforms have become powerful sites for documenting and challenging episodes of police brutality and the misrepresentation of racialized bodies in mainstream media.
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Social media create a distorted view of events, such that we only get the perspective of the people who are already in our social network (Garret and Resnick 2011; Pariser 2012; Sunstein 2009).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Garret and Resnick 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening discussion (page unavailable) describes a Digg news stream containing only articles voted for by a reader’s designated friends and warns that following only like-minded friends may prevent exposure to challenging articles. But it presents this as a conditional risk, not as an inevitable effect of social media or proof that people see only their existing network’s perspective; the paper also argues that personalization can increase exposure to diverse views. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pariser 2012 source
- Not matchedcites Sunstein 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response, Twitter users began using the hashtag #NoAngel to highlight the mainstream media's inability to acknowledge the possibility of black victimhood or innocence.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial activism around Michael Brown thus revolved around the hashtag #HandsUpDontShoot, often accompanied by photos of individuals or groups of people with their hands up.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Eyewitness reports said Michael Brown had his hands up in surrender and uttered 'don't shoot' before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, once Ferguson had stabilized as an important news event, many began tweeting about the events without necessarily marking their posts with a hashtag.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twitter also became a site in which to draw connections between what was taking place in Ferguson and state-sanctioned violence in other political contexts.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, recognizing that hashstags can only ever offer a limited, partial, and filtered view of a social world does not require abandoning them as sites of analysis.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the percentage of African Americans who use Twitter (22 percent) is much higher than that of white Americans (16 percent; Bryers 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bryers 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“#Ferguson and its attendant live streams created a similar feeling of shared temporality-particularly during the protests and confrontations with police.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, some of the most important hashtag campaigns emerging out of #Ferguson were targeted at calling attention to both police practices and media representations, suggesting that social media can serve as an important tool for challenging these various forms of racial profiling.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twitter allows users who are territorially displaced to feel like they are united across both space and time.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
In the paper
“As an article in USA Today documents, over the course of the Ferguson events, Antonio French experienced a huge surge in popularity, going from around four thousand to 121 thousand followers in less than a month.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mandaro 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the context of #Ferguson, particular users, such as Antonio French (alderman of St. Louis's 21st Ward) and Wesley Lowery (a reporter for the Washington Post), emerged as key informants whose on-theground accounts in Ferguson were retweeted by thousands of Twitter users.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mandaro 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The protests in Ferguson did not quickly fade.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ferguson October 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once again, the media focused not on state action but on the worthiness of black bodies.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While there were, overall, many more news articles written about Ferguson than about the Ice Bucket Challenge in August of 2014, stories about Ferguson generated an average of 256 Facebook referrals compared with 2,106 referrals for stories about the Ice Bucket Challenge.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McDermott 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, it is worth noting that many who tweeted about #Ferguson from outside Missouri eventually felt the need to visit the town of Ferguson and noted a sharp difference between these two sites.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Browne 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cooper 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social movements have long used media and technology to disseminate, escalate, and enlarge the scope of their struggles: Transistor radios allowed Cuban guerrilla fighters to transmit from the Sierra Maestra; television coverage transformed the riots in Selma, Alabama, into a national event; and e-mail accounts allowed Zapatistas in Chiapas to launch global communiqués.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“#Ferguson did what many of these other tools did: It allowed a message to get out, called global attention to a small corner of the world, and at-tempted to bring visibility and accountability to repressive forces.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to these intertextual considerations, hashtags also have the interdiscursive capacity to lasso accompanying texts and their indexical meanings as part of a frame.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas in most mainstream media contexts the experiences of racialized populations are overdetermined, stereotyped, or tokenized, social media platforms such as Twitter offer sites for collectively constructing counternarratives and reimagining group identities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through this campaign, users sought to call attention to the arbitrary nature of racialized policing, the vulnerability of black bodies, and the problematic ways in which blackness is perceived as a constant threat.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, hashtags have the intertextual potential to link a broad range of tweets on a given topic or disparate topics as part of an intertextual chain, regardless of whether, from a given perspective, these tweets have anything to do with one another.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“One of the differences between Twitter and these earlier forms of technology, however, is its multivocality and dialogicality (Bakhtin 1981).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bakhtin 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It was partly because of this heightened temporality that, as others have noted, the news surrounding Michael Brown's death dominated Twitter much more than Facebook.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] du Toit, 1980, Ethics, Informed Consent, and Fieldwork, Journal of Anthropological Research source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to understand #BlackLivesMatter not simply as a general statement about the inherent value of black life in the face of state-sanctioned racial violence but also as a reflection of the ways that social media can become a site for the revaluation of black materiality.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This inversion underscores the significance of affirming that #BlackLivesMatter in a context where they are disproportionately viewed as threats by state forces and mainstream institutions.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there are powerful coordinating relationships between digital and offline contexts such as #Ferguson and Ferguson proper as well as relationships between digital modalities such as the circulation of information via Twitter and cellular text messages.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Collectively, these interdiscursivities constitute the mediatized eventness of #Ferguson (Agha 2011) and the potential ways it can be recontextualized in relation to other such particular events and genres of events (Briggs and Bauman 1992).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“John Postill (2014) has noted the ways that the use of multiple, novel hashtags reflects savvy social media users' understanding that Twitter rewards novelty over raw numbers in its trending algorithms.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Postill 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wilson's reverse logic, sanctioned by the state, presents a narrative in which an unarmed teenager is a terrifying aggressor and an armed police officer is an innocent victim.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thus important to recognize that the reactions to the death of Michael Brown did not spark in a vacuum; they were fueled by accumulated frustrations over previously mediatized moments of injustice and guided by previous digital campaigns.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This event made clear once again state agents' distorted views of black Americans, especially teenagers-how their very bodies are perceived as looming, larger-than-life threats and how any objects in their possession (e.g., candies, sodas, toys, articles of clothing) are read as weapons.”
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of hashtags such as #HandsUpDontShoot, #IfTheyGunnedMeDown, and #NoAngel speak to the long history of inaccurate and unfair portrayal of African Americans within mainstream media and to the systematic profiling and victim blaming suffered by racializied bodies.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“That is, the publicness and counterpublicness (Warner 2002) of #Ferguson must be understood as a performative context with the potential to be mobilized as part of social projects across individual and collective scales.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Warner 2002 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Here, ideas about race transform not just a sign's value (e.g., as a relatively unremarkable piece of clothing or a sartorial practice associated with criminality, as in the case of the hoodie) but the fundamental ontology of a given sign (e.g., as a bag of candy or a gun, a can of iced tea or drug paraphernalia), thus reflecting the semiotic power of race and racialization (Rosa 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rosa 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Eyewitness reports said Michael Brown had his hands up in surrender and uttered 'don't shoot' before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.
“The first of these campaigns was inspired by eyewitness reports that Michael Brown had his hands up in the air as a sign of surrender and had uttered the words don't shoot just before he was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a long history of state-sanctioned violence against racialized populations in the United States.
“the long history of state-sanctioned violence against racialized populations”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the #BlackLivesMatter campaign in the United States sought to make visible the long neglected victims of police violence, in part through the circulation of hashtags such as #IfIDieInPolice-Custody and #SayTheirNames, that ask readers to imagine themselves in the place of and join together with the voices of the deceased (Bonilla and Rosa 2015).”
From Exhuming Dead Persons: Forensic Science and the Making of Post-fascist Publics in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as Bonilla and Rosa 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Augé citation year conflicts with reference list
MinorThe text cites Augé's work as published in 2009, but the corresponding reference lists 1995.
“Is Twitter the ultimate "non-place" (Augé 2009) of super modernity”
“Augé, Marc 1995 Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Super- modernity.”
Citations
Cites
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 2009, Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives
- Bonilla , Yarimar Non-Sovereign Futures: French Caribbean Politics in the Wake of Disenchantment Chicago University of Chicago Press
- Horst, 2012, Digital Anthropology
- 2003, States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection
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Activist Reflexivity and Mediated Violence: Putting the Policing of Nuit Debout in Context
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Discourse and Religion in Educational Practice
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#Activism: Understanding how student leaders utilize social media for social or political change
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“Bonilla and Rosa (2015) noted that hashtags allow users to organize their comments and to participate in dialogue.”
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My Ten Steps for Writing a Book
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Narayan, K. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-006 · Cited by 1
Varzi, R. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-042 · Cited by 1
Dyer, H. T. (2020) · Cultural studies and transdisciplinarity in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5716-3_3 · Cited by 1
Diversity and Inclusion in Education
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Satirical Antiracism: Digital Protest Images in Afro‐Brazilian Media
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Us Vs. Them – Understanding the Impact of Homophily in Political Discussions on Twitter
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Social Movements: White Responses to Racist and Anti-Racist Movements
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Black Lives Matter vs. All Lives Matter in the Generation of “Hashtivism”
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“In addition, the research team examined literature around the utilization of social media as a tool for activism, methodology and as a theoretical framework (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015; Loader & Mercea, 2011; Murthy, 2018; Van Dijck & Poell, 2013).”
BackgroundNaming Performativity on Twitter
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(2018) · African Sun Media eBooks · doi:10.18820/9781928357858 · Cited by 1
Contact, Structure, and Change
Babel, A. M., & Sicoli, M. A. (2021) · doi:10.3998/mpub.11616118 · Cited by 1
Holgado-Ruiz, L., Saura, J. R., & Herráez, B. R. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7472-3.ch001 · Cited by 1
Riley, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11886-9_10 · Cited by 1
Por uma antropologia da democracia - e de seus desafios
Dullo, E., Hatzikidi, K., & Cesarino, L. (2023) · Horizontes Antropológicos · doi:10.1590/1806-9983e650201 · Cited by 1
Twitter Imparting and Reinforcing Gender-Based Identities of the Aboriginal Australia Women
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#NoIsNo. Shaping Public Debate on Rape Culture and Sexual Assault in Spain through Social Media
García‐Mingo, E., Blanco, P. P., & Díaz‐Fernández, S. (2023) · Palgrave studies in communication for social change · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31621-0_8 · Cited by 2
Harbin, M. B. (2023) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2023.17 · Cited by 1
Josiowicz, A. J., & Méndez, M. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39904-6_15 · Cited by 1
Cockel, I. (2024) · International Journal of Taiwan Studies · doi:10.1163/24688800-20241325 · Cited by 1
Josiowicz, A. J., Deusdará, B., & Summers, E. (2024) · ABRALIN · doi:10.25189/rabralin.v23i2.2223 · Cited by 1
#Freebritney: strategies of counternarratives and self-regulation in digital feminist counterpublics
Vaidya, A. R., & Lingel, J. (2024) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2024.2394514 · Cited by 1
“With particular relevant to our study, hashtags have been closely tied to research around digital counterpublics because of their discursive and relational affordances on social media (Yarimar Bonilla and Jonathan Rosa 2015).”
“Creatures of kek:” Affordance and enregisterment within “kek” on 4chan's “/pol/” board
Ludemann, D. (2024) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12443 · Cited by 1
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Hanashiro, N. (2024) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2024.2407999 · Cited by 1
Dissecting the Advocacy Discourse Behind the #StopAsianHate Movement on X/Twitter
Ye, S., Micallef, N., & Wu, Y. D. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78548-1_17 · Cited by 1
Redden, S. M., & Way, A. K. (2025) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2025.2453719 · Cited by 1
“The ease of participation on social media, while fodder for critique, also points to the effortlessness of disseminating ideas and finding solidarity with others who face similar forms of marginalization (Bonilla & Ros, 2015).”
Twenty-Four Years of Digital Activism: A Bibliometric Analysis of Trends and Future Directions
Tani, E. (2025) · SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLETİŞİM FAKÜLTESİ AKADEMİK DERGİSİ · doi:10.18094/josc.1568707 · Cited by 1
Fire is good to think with: Protest as a mode of theorizing
Schramm, K. (2025) · Anthropological Theory · doi:10.1177/14634996251338408 · Cited by 1
Telep, S. (2025) · Contemporary French Civilization · doi:10.3828/cfc.2025.6 · Cited by 1
Rhetoric and Linguistic Strategies in an Online Advocacy Movement
Jadidi, N., & Pandey, V. (2025) · ACM Collective Intelligence Conference (CI) · doi:10.1145/3715928.3737477 · Cited by 1
Mcleod, C. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251374500 · Cited by 1
“The intersection of Black populations and digital culture has undergone extensive investigation, especially as it relates to online and offline political movement, collective action, fandom, and entertainment (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015; Brock, 2012; Chatman, 2017; Williams & Gonlin, 2017).”
The Role of the Media in the Expression of Social Issues
Mehta, S., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Eduphoria. · doi:10.59231/eduphoria/230439 · Cited by 1
Exploring the many faces of social media
Kalpokas, I. (2016) · Media Transformations · doi:10.7220/2029-8668.12.01 · Cited by 1
“…challenging dominant and/ or government-backed narratives (Loader and Mercea, 2011; Price, 2013) and thereby create both national and international protest networks and pressure groups that would otherwise be excluded from having a voice (Al-Momani, 2011; Khondker, 2011; Bonilla and Rosa, 2015).”
BackgroundBrownlow, A. (2017) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1365588 · Cited by 1
“…of hashtag activism and journalism (Yang 2016) is challenging dominant police narratives of the “justified shooting” and hegemonic representations of crime, space, and black male bodies by the police and in the media (Kristoff 2014; Bonilla and Rosa 2015; Chaney and Robertson 2015; Derickson 2016).”
Background#Palestine2Ferguson a community created through words
Carroll, D. (2018) · Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-03-2018-0026 · Cited by 1
Fahmi, U. (2019) · Policy & Governance Review · doi:10.30589/pgr.v3i1.123 · Cited by 1
Occupy Ghana. Widerstand von unten oder ein Sit-in des 1%?
Budniok, J., & Noll, A. (2019) · Sociologus · doi:10.3790/soc.69.1.37 · Cited by 1
Cross-Sample Community Detection and Sentiment Analysis
Cornelissen, L. A., de Bruyn, C., Ledingwane, M. K., et al. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3351108.3351135 · Cited by 1
Mediatized Communication and Linguistic Reflexivity in Contemporary Public and Political Life
Deschrijver, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.032 · Cited by 2
Hofmann, R., & Feltes, T. (2020) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 1
From Real Life to the Magic of Fiction
Behar, R. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-043 · Cited by 1
Murrell, M. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-034 · Cited by 1
Gonzalez, S. L. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-018 · Cited by 1
Hashtagging “Good” Muslim Performances Online
Selby, J. A., & Funk, C. (2020) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1080/15348423.2020.1770543 · Cited by 1
“In a separate literature, communication studies scholars have recognized hashtags’ influence in organizing and disseminating ideas (Bruns & Burgess, 2015; Bonilla & Rosa, 2015, p. 6; Rambukkana, 2015a, 2015b; Veenstra et al., 2015, p. 95).”
BackgroundDoing Micro-Analysis of Discourse: The Case of Ageing and Wellbeing
Heinrichsmeier, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.008 · Cited by 1
Sign Theory and the Materiality of Discourse
Sidnell, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.014 · Cited by 1
The Management of Social Media in Frontline Public Service
Jeffares, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54084-5_7 · Cited by 1
Leung, C., & Frank, R. W. (2020) · Journal of Hate Studies · doi:10.33972/jhs.146 · Cited by 1
“Whether the hashtag is used in one network or another, it can connect with people who included them in their message, allowing others to find similar conversations, or posts relating to it (Kuo, 2016; Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
BackgroundReflections on student power: An absurdist viewpoint
Bierdz, B. (2020) · Power and Education · doi:10.1177/1757743820984179 · Cited by 1
“…out of class (Reynolds and Mayweather, 2017), when they protest the university’s policies (Rhoads, 2016), when they enact social media campaigns (Bonilla and Rosa, 2015), they endeavor to (re)frame their existence in light of their consciousness, in spite of their felt and experienced…”
BackgroundTransgressive Arabic discourse in Lebanese political protest
Riskedahl, D. (2021) · Multilingua · doi:10.1515/multi-2020-0138 · Cited by 1
Bernard, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32085-0_1 · Cited by 1
Social Media Utilization in Discourse Coalitions: The Opt-Out Movement in Ohio
Evans, M. P., Saultz, A., & Winton, S. (2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146812112300509 · Cited by 2
Digital Failures in Abolitionist Ethnography
Scott, J. B. (2021) · Social Analysis · doi:10.3167/sa.2021.650108 · Cited by 1
Catela, J. (2021) · Food and Foodways · doi:10.1080/07409710.2021.1984558 · Cited by 1
“The intersections between ethnography and the new digital modalities of sociality and intimacy have been discussed (Coleman 2010, Jackson 2012, Bonilla and Rosa 2015) even before they had become paramount as a methodological resource due to recent public health concerns.”
BackgroundPriyadharshini, E. (2021) · Cultural studies and transdisciplinarity in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5788-7_4 · Cited by 1
An Exploration of the Role of Twitter in the Discourse Around Race in South Africa
Beukes, S. (2017) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839434970-014 · Cited by 1
Digital Failures in Abolitionist Ethnography
Scott, J. B. (2021) · Social Analysis · doi:10.3167/sa.2020.650108 · Cited by 1
Moolenaar, E. N. (2022) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/jpe.5121 · Cited by 1
Mittal, A., Dahake, S., Patel, T., et al. (2022) · ACM SIGCAS/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS) · doi:10.1145/3530190.3534826 · Cited by 1
“Our work therefore augments calls for the use of “thick data” to supplement and explain “big data” [4, 26], or digital ethnography more generally [8, 14].”
ResultSossi, D. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7472-3.ch002 · Cited by 1
Asmawarini, R. T., Murwani, E., & Murtiningsih, B. S. E. (2022) · Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia · doi:10.25008/jkiski.v7i2.727 · Cited by 1
“Previous research, for example, #Ferguson described hashtag activism as it is possible to implement social media, especially the Twitter hashtag, as an influential tool that helps encourage activism (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015).”
MethodDigital Violence as Affective Disciplining after Feminist Protests
Suárez, M., & Mitrović, M. (2023) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839457450-013 · Cited by 1
Filming as being, images as evidence
Shipley, J. W. (2022) · Hau Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.1086/724090 · Cited by 1
“In the early 2010s texting and messaging apps created new ways for political and activist communities to identify themselves online and rapidly relink digital connections to real-time live presence (Bonilla and Rosa 2015).”
BackgroundSocial Media Learning: Public Pedagogy, Power, and Agency
Karsgaard, C. (2023) · Palgrave studies in education and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26182-4_3 · Cited by 1
Emotionelle appeller i aktivistiske hashtags Om #jegharoplevet og #detkuhaværetmig
Hougaard, T. T. (2022) · Rhetorica Scandinavica · doi:10.52610/rhs.v22i78.46 · Cited by 1
Symposium: What Will We Have Made of Literacy?
(2018) · College Composition and Communication · doi:10.58680/ccc201829491 · Cited by 1
Ayudha, N. T. (2022) · Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis · doi:10.17977/um021v7i1p59-74 · Cited by 1
Fostering Social Movements with Social MediaPreprint
Gordon, S. R. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2708079 · Cited by 4
The Efficacy of Virtual Protest: Linking Digital Tactics to Outcomes in Activist Campaigns
James, R. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.5892 · Cited by 1
“Linkages across hashtags and their accompanying texts…frame [hashtags] as a kind of mediatized place” (Bonilla and Rosa 2015:6).”
BackgroundAltoaimy, L. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-12230 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies of Twitter have explored this microblogging platform and its users’ ability to create affiliations and networked publics (Boyd, 2010; Zappavigna, 2012), and their utilization of this tool for social activism (e.g., Bonilla & Rosa, 2015; Keller, 2012; Konnelly, 2015).”
Background#WhyIDidntReport: Using social media analysis to inform issues with sexual assault reporting
Warren, J. (2019) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.4955 · Cited by 2
“As social media and activism collide, activist activities rely more and more on online efforts to complement and even supplement offline efforts (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015; Madden et al., 2016; Seo, Kim, & Yang, 2009).”
BackgroundPolitical Popularity Analysis in Social MediaPreprint
Karami, A., & Elkouri, A. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.03258 · Cited by 1
The digital lives of Muslim sportswomen: Navigating the spaces of sport, culture, and social media
Ahmad, N. (2019) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 1
McGranahan, C. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-001 · Cited by 1
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Bridging White Supremacist Discourse: An ethnography of the online world of the ‘Alt-Right’
Botha, D. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14227073.v1 · Cited by 2
#IfTheyGunnedMeDown: The Double Consciousness of Black Youth in Response to Oppressive MediaPreprint
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Critical Sociology of Knowledge
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Understanding race, mental health, and social justice among Black college students
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Book Review: Children, Film and Literacy
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DeBaun, K. (2016) · Carroll Collected (John Carroll University)
"Hands Up, Don't Shoot!" The Body Rhetoric of Ferguson
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The Writing behind the Written
Salazar, N. B. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478009160-035
Every tweet counts: Examining spatial variability of twitter data representativeness
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Metadata
- Authors
- BONILLA, Y., & ROSA, J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- BONILLA, YARIMAR
- ROSA, JONATHAN
- Venue
- American Ethnologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-01-15
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-17
- ISSN
- 0094-0496 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021905382
- Cited by
- 1,116
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 236 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 240.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Ethnologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- Ferguson protests, hashtag activism, online protest, social media, police brutality, racialized bodies, Michael Brown, racial politics, political temporality, media representation of race, police militarization, social movements
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