Immunotherapeutic advances in glioma management: The rise of vaccine‐based approaches
Open accessAbstract
Background: Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are highly aggressive brain tumors that present significant challenges in oncology due to their rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. One such emerging strategy is the development of glioma vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. Aims: This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of glioma vaccine development, analyzing the types of vaccines under investigation, the outcomes of clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. The goal is to highlight the potential of glioma vaccines in advancing more effective and personalized treatments for glioma patients. Materials and Methods: This narrative review systematically assessed the role of glioma vaccines by including full‐text articles published between 2000 and 2024 in English. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using key terms like “glioma,” “brain tumor,” “glioblastoma,” “vaccine,” and “immunotherapy.” The review incorporated both pre‐clinical and clinical studies, including descriptive studies, animal‐model studies, cohort studies, and observational studies. Exclusion criteria were applied to omit abstracts, case reports, posters, and non‐peer‐reviewed studies, ensuring the inclusion of high‐quality evidence. Results: Clinical trials investigating various glioma vaccines, including peptide‐based, DNA/RNA‐based, whole‐cell, and dendritic‐cell vaccines, have shown promising results. These vaccines demonstrated potential in extending survival rates and managing adverse events in glioma patients. However, significant challenges remain, such as therapeutic resistance due to tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Moreover, the lack of standardized guidelines for evaluating vaccine responses and issues related to ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and vaccine acceptance among patients further complicate the implementation of glioma vaccines. Discussion: Addressing the challenges associated with glioma vaccines involves exploring combination therapies, targeted approaches, and personalized medicine. Combining vaccines with traditional therapies like radiotherapy or chemotherapy may enhance efficacy by boosting the immune system’s ability to fight tumor cells. Personalized vaccines tailored to individual patient profiles present an opportunity for improved outcomes. Furthermore, global collaboration and equitable distribution are critical for ensuring access to glioma vaccines, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries with limited healthcare resources Conclusion: Glioma vaccines represent a promising avenue in the fight against gliomas, offering hope for improving patient outcomes in a disease that is notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the challenges, continued research and the development of innovative strategies, including combination therapies and personalized approaches, are essential for overcoming current barriers and transforming the treatment landscape for glioma patients.
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Antigen-based immunotherapies are designed to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses against antigens expressed by the tumour, such as TAAs over-expressed in tumours compared with healthy tissue, resulting in tumour cell death.
“Antigen-based immunotherapies are designed to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses against antigens expressed by the tumour, for example, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) that are over-expressed in tumours compared with healthy tissue, resulting in tumour cell death [8, 11].”
From Preclinical development of an mRNA-based multiepitope immunotherapeutic for glioblastoma (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Glioma Vaccines section says antigen-based vaccines activate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that can kill tumour cells presenting the targeted antigen. It also identifies tumour-associated antigens as vaccine targets. Our copy does not establish the claim that those antigens are over-expressed in tumours compared with healthy tissue. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Preclinical development of an mRNA-based multiepitope immunotherapeutic for glioblastoma
Lutz, J., Feist, R. K., Sonntag, T., Peguero-Sánchez, E., Wolter, K., Bick, R., Bauer, J., Walz, J. S., & Heidenreich, R. (2025) · Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-025-04178-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Andrew Awuah, W., Shah, M. H., Tan, J. K., Ranganathan, S., Sanker, V., Darko, K., Tenkorang, P. O., Adageba, B. B., Ahluwalia, A., Shet, V., Aderinto, N., Kundu, M., Abdul‐Rahman, T., & Atallah, O.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Medicine Sumy State University Sumy Ukraine
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Department of Neurosurgery Trivandrum Medical College Trivandrum Kerala India
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (GH)
- University of Ghana (GH)
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (GH)
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (IN)
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital (NG)
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital (IN)
- Sumy State University (UA)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Shah, Muhammad Hamza
- ORCID
- Venue
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-08-30
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e70013-e70013
- ISSN
- 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-5949
- PMC
- PMC11364516
- OpenAlex
- W4402095304
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- glioblastoma, cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cell vaccine, whole-cell vaccine, peptide vaccine, tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, combination therapy, personalized medicine, vaccine access, clinical trial results, survival outcomes, adverse events, low- and middle-income countries, brain tumors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Glioma, Humans, Immunotherapy, Cancer Vaccines
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