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Cited by 407Ear Surgery and Otitis MediaVestibular and auditory disordersHearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics

Eustachian tube dysfunction: consensus statement on definition, types, clinical presentation and diagnosis

Open access
Schilder, A.G.M., Bhutta, M.F., Butler, C.C., Holy, C., Levine, L.H., Kvaerner, K.J., Norman, G., Pennings, R.J. +4 more·2015·Clinical Otolaryngology
DOI 10.1111/coa.12475PMC PMC4600223
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Abstract

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AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This consensus statement defines Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) in adults as a syndrome of pressure dysregulation in the middle ear, with acute (<3 months) and chronic (>3 months) forms and three subtypes: dilatory, baro-challenge-induced, and patulous. It proposes symptom- and sign-based diagnostic criteria and highlights the lack of validated universal tests or scoring systems for ETD.

Key findings

  • The panel agreed ETD is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction, usually reflecting ventilatory dysfunction, defined by symptoms and signs of middle ear pressure dysregulation.
  • ETD is classified as acute (symptoms/signs <3 months) or chronic (>3 months), with three subtypes: dilatory ETD (functional obstruction, dynamic/muscular failure, anatomical obstruction), baro-challenge-induced ETD, and patulous ETD.
  • Diagnosis of dilatory ETD requires patient-reported symptoms plus evidence of negative middle ear pressure on otoscopy/otomicroscopy (tympanic membrane retraction) and/or tympanometry; baro-challenge-induced ETD relies on history because otoscopy and tympanometry may be normal at normal ambient pressure; patulous ETD requires otoscopic or tympanometric evidence of tympanic membrane excursion with breathing.
  • The panel found no universally accepted patient-reported symptom scores, functional tests, or scoring systems for diagnosing ETD; ETDQ-7 is the only patient-reported outcomes tool with initial validation studies, and future trials should assess outcomes at baseline, short term (6 weeks to 3 months), and long term (6–12 months).

Methods

  • An international forum of scientists and physicians with expertise in Eustachian tube disorders met at a workshop in Amsterdam on 21 June 2014, using a purposive sample spanning primary to tertiary care and translational research.
  • The panel used a UK NIHR HTA systematic review as the starting point and achieved consensus through presentations and discussions on Eustachian tube function/dysfunction, definitions, symptoms, signs, and clinical investigation.
  • The statement was drafted and revised iteratively by all panel members and represents consensus group opinion.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the contribution of ETD to mucosal or squamous otitis media and the effectiveness of treatments for ETD were outside the workshop remit.
  • The paper states that childhood disease was not considered, so the statement refers only to adults.
  • The paper states that no universally accepted symptom scores, functional tests, or scoring systems exist for ETD; equipment for tests such as tubomanometry, sonotubometry, nine-step inflation–deflation, and pressure chamber tests is not widely available, and their accuracy and validity are unclear. The text also makes evident that the recommendations are consensus group opinion rather than a systematic evidence synthesis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/coa.12475

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 9 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7) is the only patient-reported outcomes tool to have undergone initial validation studies.

    “The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7)6 scores symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction and is the only patient-reported outcomes tool to have undergone initial validation studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] McCoul ED Anand VK Christos PJ Validating the clinical assessment of eustachian tube dysfunction: the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7) Laryngoscope 2012 122 1137 1141 22374681 PMC3612400 source
  • Interpretationcitation

    Tests of ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube (tubomanometry, sonotubometry, nine-step inflation-deflation test, pressure chamber tests) have unclear accuracy and validity.

    “At the current time, the equipment these tests require is not widely available, and their accuracy and validity is unclear,5 but they can be useful research tools.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Doyle WJ Swarts JD Banks J Sensitivity and specificity of eustachian tube function tests in adults JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2013 139 719 727 23868429 PMC3792585 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) says interpretations of Eustachian tube function tests lack a strong empirical foundation, supporting uncertainty about validity. It identifies sonotubometry and the 9-step test, but does not establish that the accuracy of all the named tests is unclear; the Results instead quantify accuracy for a different set of tests. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationnone given

    In baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction, patients are typically asymptomatic once they return to ground level.

    “Patients are typically asymptomatic once they return to ground level, although significant baro-challenge may cause temporary middle ear effusion or haemotympanum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationnone given

    At the current time, there is no universally accepted set of patient-reported symptom scores, functional tests or scoring systems to diagnose Eustachian tube dysfunction.

    “The panel agreed that at the current time, there is no universally accepted set of patient-reported symptom scores, functional tests or scoring systems to diagnose Eustachian tube dysfunction, and the diagnosis should therefore at this stage rely on the clinical observations (symptoms and signs) detailed above.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationnone given

    Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction presents with symptoms of aural fullness and autophony.

    “Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction presents with symptoms of aural fullness and autophony.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 32
  • May combine two claims. 16

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The panel used the systematic review conducted for the UK NIHR HTA as the starting point.

    “The panel used the systematic review conducted for the UK NIHR HTA1 as the starting point.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Llewellyn A Norman G Harden M Interventions for adult Eustachian tube dysfunction: a systematic review Health Technol. Assess 2014 18 1 180 v-vi 25029951 PMC4781384 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The Eustachian Tube Score (ETS) and its extension ETS-7 combine subjective and objective measures of Eustachian tube function.

    “The Eustachian Tube Score (ETS) and its extension the ETS-77 combine subjective (clicking sound when swallowing, Valsalva) and objective (tubomanometry, tympanometry) measures of Eustachian tube function.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Schroder S Lehmann M Sauzet O A novel diagnostic tool for chronic obstructive eustachian tube Dysfunction-The eustachian tube score Laryngoscope 2014 125 703 708 25215457 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The functions of the Eustachian tube are pressure equalisation and ventilation of the middle ear, mucociliary clearance of secretions from the middle ear, and protection of the middle ear from sounds and from pathogens and secretions from the nasopharynx.

    “The functions of the Eustachian tube are as follows2: - pressure equalisation and ventilation of the middle ear, - mucociliary clearance of secretions from the middle ear, - protection of the middle ear from sounds, and from pathogens and secretions from the nasopharynx.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Bluestone CD Introduction Eustachian Tube: Structure, Function, Role in Otitis Media 2005 New York B C Decker 1 9

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Consensus was achieved through a series of presentations by individual panel members and discussions around themes.

    “Consensus was achieved through a series of presentations by individual panel members and discussions around themes of function and dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, definitions, symptoms, signs and clinical investigation of Eustachian tube dysfunction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction may also report pressure, clogged or 'under water' sensation, crackling, ringing, autophony, and muffled hearing.

    “Patients may also report pressure, clogged or ‘under water’ sensation, crackling, ringing, autophony and muffled hearing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction is thought to be caused by an abnormally patent Eustachian tube.

    “Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction is thought to be caused by an abnormally patent Eustachian tube; as such, it may be precipitated by recent weight loss, although in the majority of cases no underlying precipitating event is evident.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    To diagnose Eustachian tube dysfunction, the patient must present with symptoms of pressure disequilibrium in the affected ear, specifically aural fullness, popping, or discomfort/pain.

    “To diagnose Eustachian tube dysfunction, the patient must present with symptoms of pressure disequilibrium in the affected ear, specifically symptoms of ‘aural fullness’ or ‘popping’ or discomfort/pain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pressure in the middle ear is maintained through two mechanisms: middle ear mucosal gas exchange and opening of the Eustachian tube to equilibrate pressure with that in the nasopharynx.

    “Pressure in the middle ear is maintained through two mechanisms: middle ear mucosal gas exchange and opening of the Eustachian tube to equilibrate pressure with that in the nasopharynx.3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Swarts JD Alper CM Luntz M Panel 2: Eustachian tube, middle ear, and mastoid–anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2013 148 4 Suppl E26 E36 23536530 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction can be broken down into functional obstruction, dynamic dysfunction (muscular failure), and anatomical obstruction.

    “Dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction can be broken down as follows:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    In clinical practice, Eustachian tube dysfunction usually refers to a problem with the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube.

    “Although in a strict sense Eustachian tube dysfunction is a failure to perform any of the Eustachian tube functions, in clinical practice, Eustachian tube dysfunction usually refers to a problem with the ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms occur or are initiated under conditions of alteration to ambient pressure.

    “In baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction, symptoms of aural fullness, popping or discomfort/pain occur, or are initiated, under conditions of alteration to the ambient pressure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    Eustachian tube dysfunction is a syndrome with a constellation of signs and symptoms suggestive of dysfunction of the Eustachian tube.

    “The panel agreed that Eustachian tube dysfunction is a syndrome with a constellation of signs and symptoms suggestive of dysfunction of the Eustachian tube.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A mild or moderate conductive hearing loss may be found in some patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction.

    “A mild or moderate conductive hearing loss may be found in some patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In primary care, tuning fork tests (Rinne's and Weber's) may be used as a substitute for audiometry, although these tests are less reliable.

    “In primary care, tuning fork tests (Rinne's and Weber's tests) may be used as a substitute for audiometry, although these tests are less reliable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Eustachian tube dysfunction can be distinguished as acute (symptoms and signs for less than 3 months) and chronic (symptoms and signs for more than 3 months).

    “The panel agreed to distinguish acute Eustachian tube dysfunction, transient with symptoms and signs for less than 3 months, from chronic dysfunction, symptoms and signs for more than 3 months.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    To diagnose dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction, patient-reported symptoms should go together with evidence of negative pressure in the middle ear as assessed by otoscopy/otomicroscopy (tympanic membrane retraction) and/or tympanogram indicating negative middle ear pressure.

    “It was agreed that to diagnose dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction, patient-reported symptoms should go together with evidence of negative pressure in the middle ear as assessed by clinical assessment, either as follows: - otoscopic or otomicroscopic evidence of tympanic membrane retraction and/or - tympanogram indicating negative middle ear pressure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Tullio phenomenon may suggest an inner ear fistula, although in isolation this sign is not reliable for diagnosis.

    “Tullio phenomenon may suggest an inner ear fistula, although in isolation this sign is not reliable for diagnosis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Ability to auto-inflate the middle ear on Valsalva or Toynbee manoeuvre is not sufficiently sensitive or specific for Eustachian tube dysfunction to have clinical utility.

    “An ability to auto-inflate the middle ear on Valsalva or Toynbee manoeuvre confirms some degree of patency of the Eustachian tube, but the panel felt that ability to auto-inflate is not sufficiently sensitive or specific for Eustachian tube dysfunction to have clinical utility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Tympanometry may not be available in primary care, in which case diagnosis of Eustachian tube dysfunction is confirmed by abnormal otoscopy or may be presumptive.

    “Tympanometry may not be available in a primary care setting, in which case diagnosis of Eustachian tube dysfunction is confirmed by abnormal otoscopy or may be presumptive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent evidence suggests that, in the healthy middle ear, pressure slowly decreases, and periodic opening of the Eustachian tube restores the middle ear towards atmospheric pressure.

    “Recent evidence suggests that, in the healthy middle ear, pressure slowly decreases, and periodic opening of the Eustachian tube restores the middle ear towards atmospheric pressure.4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Adil E Poe D What is the full range of medical and surgical treatments available for patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction? Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2014 22 8 15 24275798 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study represents the consensus group opinion and was drafted and revised using an iterative process including all panel members.

    “This study represents the consensus group opinion and was drafted and revised using an iterative process including all panel members.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Eustachian tube dysfunction is defined by symptoms and signs of pressure dysregulation in the middle ear.

    “As such, Eustachian tube dysfunction is defined by symptoms and signs of pressure dysregulation in the middle ear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nasopharyngoscopy may reveal a cause for Eustachian tube dysfunction, for example inflammation adjacent to the Eustachian tube orifice, or (rarely) neoplasms, scarring or other lesions.

    “Examination may reveal a cause for Eustachian tube dysfunction, for example inflammation adjacent to the Eustachian tube orifice, or (rarely) neoplasms, scarring or other lesions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Radiological evaluation does not routinely play a role in diagnosis of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and should be reserved for cases where additional or alternate pathology is suspected.

    “The panel agreed that radiological evaluation does not routinely play a role in diagnosis of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and should be reserved for cases where additional or alternate pathology is suspected based upon history or examination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction may be precipitated by recent weight loss, although in the majority of cases no underlying precipitating event is evident.

    “Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction is thought to be caused by an abnormally patent Eustachian tube; as such, it may be precipitated by recent weight loss, although in the majority of cases no underlying precipitating event is evident.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction, otoscopy and tympanometry may be normal at normal ambient pressure, and diagnosis relies on patient history.

    “In baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction, otoscopy and tympanometry may be normal at normal ambient pressure, and so diagnosis relies on patient history.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The panel was a purposive sample of international experts spanning primary to tertiary care and across the translational research pathway.

    “A purposive sample of International experts in the field was brought together, spanning primary to tertiary care, and across the translational research pathway, from molecular to implementation science specialists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    There are three subtypes of Eustachian tube dysfunction: dilatory, baro-challenge-induced, and patulous.

    “We agreed that there are three subtypes of Eustachian tube dysfunction:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms may be better in the supine position or during upper respiratory tract infection.

    “Symptoms may be better in the supine position or during upper respiratory tract infection.4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Adil E Poe D What is the full range of medical and surgical treatments available for patients with Eustachian tube dysfunction? Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2014 22 8 15 24275798 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The relative contribution of middle ear mucosal gas exchange and Eustachian tube opening to normal middle ear ventilation is not known.

    “The relative contribution of these two mechanisms to normal middle ear ventilation is not known.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Eustachian tube dysfunction should not be used to describe disease more properly classified as otitis media, including chronic otitis media with effusion, chronic suppurative otitis media, tympanic membrane retraction and cholesteatoma.

    “Eustachian tube dysfunction should not be used to describe disease more properly classified as otitis media, including chronic otitis media with effusion (glue ear), chronic suppurative otitis media, tympanic membrane retraction and cholesteatoma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Patients with cochlear hydrops may describe periodic unilateral pressure sensation associated with altered hearing that typically lasts a few hours.

    “Patients with cochlear hydrops may describe periodic unilateral pressure sensation associated with altered hearing that typically lasts a few hours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms may worsen during exercise.

    “They may worsen during exercise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Acute dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection, or sometimes by an exacerbation of allergic rhinitis.

    “Acute dilatory Eustachian tube dysfunction is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection, or sometimes by an exacerbation of allergic rhinitis, which presumably causes inflammation in the Eustachian tube orifice or lumen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction describe discomfort in front of and around the ear, typically unilateral, and in some cases associated with clicking or popping noises and altered hearing or tinnitus.

    “Patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction describe discomfort in front of and around the ear, typically unilateral, and in some cases associated with clicking or popping noises and altered hearing or tinnitus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Ventilatory dysfunction of the Eustachian tube may contribute to the onset or persistence of otitis media, but the relative importance of this contribution is a matter of debate.

    “Whereas ventilatory dysfunction of the Eustachian tube may contribute to the onset or persistence of these types of otitis media, the relative importance of this contribution is a matter of debate and a debate outside of the remit of this work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
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Authors
Schilder, A. G. M., Bhutta, M. F., Butler, C. C., Holy, C., Levine, L. H., Kvaerner, K. J., Norman, G., Pennings, R. J., Poe, D., Silvola, J. T., Sudhoff, H., & Lund, V. J.
Affiliations
  • Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital (GB)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Acclarent Inc Menlo Park CA USA
  • Cleveland Clinic (US)
  • Department of Research and Education Oslo University Hospital Ullevål Norway
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • Oslo University Hospital (NO)
  • Klinikum Bielefeld (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Otolaryngology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-09-07
Volume
40
Issue
5
Pages
407-411
ISSN
  • 0307-7772 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-4478
  • 1749-4486
DOI
10.1111/coa.12475
PMC
PMC4600223
OpenAlex
W2130295076
Semantic Scholar
2b5d6882de317096dc89730804bf88bcd9937443
Cited by
407
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 56 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 10
FWCI
19.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Otolaryngology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR-RP-011-045)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Ear Surgery and Otitis Media
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Keywords
Eustachian tube dysfunction, definitions, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, consensus statement
MeSH terms
Diagnosis, Differential, Ear Diseases, Eustachian Tube, Humans, Otolaryngology

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