Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: A post hoc analysis from SCALE randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
The cardiovascular safety of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management at a dose of 3.0 mg, was evaluated post hoc using data from 5908 participants in 5 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Participants were randomized to liraglutide or a comparator group (placebo or orlistat). The objective was to evaluate whether cardiovascular risk was increased with liraglutide treatment. The primary composite outcome of this time-to-event analysis was the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke. These cardiovascular events were adjudicated prospectively for three of the trials and retrospectively for two trials by an event adjudication committee. The primary outcome was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by trial. With liraglutide 3.0 mg, 8 participants had positively adjudicated cardiovascular events (1.54 events/1000 person-years) compared to 10 participants in the comparators group (3.65 events/1000 person-years). The hazard ratio for liraglutide 3.0 mg compared to comparators was 0.42 (95% confidence interval, 0.17-1.08). In this analysis, liraglutide 3.0 mg treatment was not associated with excess cardiovascular risk. However, the wide confidence intervals and retrospective adjudication of events in two of the trials are limitations of the analysis.
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Liraglutide 3.0 mg is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk compared to placebo or orlistat in a post hoc analysis of SCALE randomized controlled trials.
“In a post hoc analysis from SCALE randomized controlled trials found that liraglutide 3.0 mg was not associated with increased cardiovascular risk compared to the comparator groups (placebo or orlistat).”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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Henney, A. E., Riley, D. R. J., Anson, M., Azmi, S., Alam, U., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2025) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.70367 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Madhu, S. V., Kapoor, N., Das, S., Raizada, N., & Kalra, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_680_25 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy of obesity in complex diseases
Pulipati, V. P., & Pannain, S. (2021) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12497 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“0 mg was not associated with excess CV risk.(67) The clinical significance of a mild increase in heart rate with liraglutide 3.”
BackgroundTreating obesity in patients with cardiovascular disease: the pharmacotherapeutic options
Andrew, C. A., Saunders, K. H., Shukla, A. P., & Aronne, L. J. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1561867 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationValério, C. M., Saraiva, J. F. K., Valente, F., van de Sande‐Lee, S., Rocha, V. Z., Rached, F. H., Drager, L. F., Halpern, B., Júnior, W. S. D. S., Trujilho, F. R., et al. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01954-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for older people with obesity
Boyle, L. D., Akbaş, F., Yazıcı, D., McGowan, B. M., & Yumuk, V. (2024) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2024.05.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of antiobesity drugs: are the new medicines all the same?
Cataldi, M., Cignarelli, A., Giallauria, F., Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. A. L. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/s41367-020-0015-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liraglutide for the treatment of obesity: Analyzing published reviews.
Pastor, R., & Tur, J. (2019) · Current pharmaceutical design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190701155737 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mallah, M. A., Soomro, T., Noreen, S., Ali, M., Kafle, A., Khatoon, N., & Naveed, M. (2023) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000565 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wharton, S., Haase, C. L., Kamran, E., Liu, A., Mancini, J., Neish, D., Pakseresht, A., Power, G. S., & Christensen, R. A. G. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.419 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
GLP-1 analogues in clinical management of obesity
Agius, R., Matta-Coelho, C., & McGowan, B. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100360 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adipositas – eine behandlungsbedürftige chronische Erkrankung
Meyhöfer, S., Lautenbach, A., & Serfling, G. (2022) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1657-2047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kushner, R. F., Johansen, O. E., Araujo Torres, K., Phan, T.-M., & Marczewska, A. (2025) · Obesities · doi:10.3390/obesities5020029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prevalence and Management of Adult Obesity in a Large U.S. Academic Health System
Lumsden, R. H., Pagidipati, N. J., Phelan, M., Chiswell, K., & Peterson, E. D. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.018 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kuo, H., Wang, K., Lee, Y., Lin, P., Liu, M., Lin, C., & Liu, L. Y. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.13047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Current Options for the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
Gouni‐Berthold, I., & Berthold, H. K. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190708192630 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity: Efficacy, Side Effects, and Risks
Thota-Kammili, S., Tama, E., & Andrade, M. D. H. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-024-00452-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Nota-bly, the SCALE liraglutide trial cardiovascular outcomes study in adults without T2D was a post-hoc analysis with some of the cardiovascular events adjudicated retrospectively [37].”
Pirlet, C., Poirier, P., Cieza, T., Piché, M., Biertho, L. D., Maes, F., Ruzsa, Z., & Bertrand, O. F. (2020) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-020-00428-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Team-based “Get-a-Grip” lifestyle management programme in the treatment of obesity
Taurio, J., Järvinen, J., Hautaniemi, E. J., Eräranta, A., Viitala, J., Nordhausen, K., Kaukinen, K., Mustonen, J., & Pörsti, I. (2020) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101119 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tratamiento farmacológico de la obesidad para médicos de Atención Primaria
Rubio, M. Á., Fernández-García, J. M., Andújar, R. C., Altozano, C. S., & Carpi, J. J. U. (2019) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2019.04.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fu, W., Lu, R., Wang, D., & Sang, Z. (2026) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.110044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hepşen, S., Haymana, C., Helvacı, B. C., Durantaş, H., Torus, B., Çakmak, R., Güven, M., Demirci, İ., Keskin, L., Kiyici, S. K., et al. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02836-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Overweight and obesity in metabolic syndrome
Nedogoda, S. V., & Васильевна, Ц. О. (2025) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2025-6535 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ursini, F., Ciaffi, J., & Caporali, R. (2025) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2025-006025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“24 25 In the STEP 1 and STEP 3 trials, semaglutide resulted in over 10% body weight reduction in overweight or obese individuals without diabetes.”
Druzhilov, M., Kuznetsova, T. Y., & Chumakova, G. (2021) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2022-4755 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nathani, P., Hamamah, S., Velji, J., Patel, H. K., Nathani, R., Radadiya, D., Shandilya, A., Srinivasan, S., Desai, M., Repici, A., et al. (2026) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-026-10112-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Weight management treatment in obesity
Rubio, M. Á., & Carreiro, S. M. (2025) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2025.107152 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ray, S., Kapoor, N., Deshpande, N., Chatterjee, S., Kumar, J. S., Tantia, O., Goyal, G., Mukherjee, J. J., & Singh, A. K. (2024) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2024.2330468 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effects and side effects of liraglutide as a treatment for obesity
Ha, J., Yu, J. S., Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2022) · Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.36011/cpp.2022.4.e18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Farmacoterapia da obesidade: fármacos disponíveis no Brasil e perfis de eficácia e segurança
Utta, K. B., & Pessoa, D. (2021) · Research, Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i12.18829 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Garelli, S., Salituro, N., Pontesilli, G. M., Ricciardiello, L., Vicennati, V., & Pagotto, U. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65344-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Narrative Review of the Metabolic Benefits of GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Agonists in Obesity
Lee, A.-H., & Holmes-Walker, D. J. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14060734 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A combined post hoc analysis of several liraglutide SCALE trials in those without diabetes revealed a non-inferiority of liraglutide to placebo in regard to cardiovascular outcomes, although these trials were limited by duration to 56 weeks [38].”
Pharmacotherapy for obesity management
Noeth, M., Zyl, F. H. V., Hellig, J., Conradie-Smit, M., & May, W. (2025) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2025.v115i9b.3767 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[66] The Cardiovascular Outcomes Study of Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR in Overweight and Obese Subjects with Cardiovascular Risk Factors (LIGHT) study was a cardiovascular outcome trial undertaken to assess the cardiovascular safety of naltrexone/bupropion.”
Saraiva, J. F. K., Valério, C. M., Rached, F. H., van de Sande‐Lee, S., Rocha, V. Z., Valente, F., Drager, L. F., Halpern, B., Júnior, W. S. D. S., Trujilho, F. R., et al. (2025) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20250621 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Дунаєва, І. (2025) · Inter Collegas · doi:10.35339/ic.2025.12.2.dun · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adding liraglutide to diet and exercise to maintain weight loss – is it worth it?
Doggrell, S. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.2019707 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medikamentöse Adipositastherapie – Chancen und Perspektiven
Lautenbach, A., Aberle, J., Meyhöfer, S. M., & Meyhöfer, S. (2021) · Adipositas - Ursachen Folgeerkrankungen Therapie · doi:10.1055/a-1491-5805 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Die Autoren schlussfolgern, dass Liraglutid 3 mg/d in dieser Post-hoc Analyse nicht mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko verbunden war [20].”
BackgroundReal-Life Efficacy of Liraglutide Therapy on Weight-Loss in Patients with Overweight and Obesity
Prete, M. D., Vignati, F., Sacco, G. D., Gavazzi, L., Dellepiane, D., & Muratori, F. (2023) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.26502/jsr.10020304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This study also confirmed the safety of the drug [12].”
MethodResultGLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment: where we are today and what can we expect?
Pichlerová, D. (2026) · Vnitrni lekarstvi · doi:10.36290/vnl.2026.070
Rethinking Global Obesity Guidelines: Integrating Evidence, Equity and Precision (2014–2026)
Rosero, R., Tamayo, M., Henao, D. C., Polanco, J. P., David, C., Alba, J. C., Valeria, G., Camilo, C., Eder, H., Ricardo, C., et al. (2026) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.70209
Miličević, T., Cvitković, I., Volčanšek, Š., Katsiki, N., Mikhailidis, D. P., Patoulias, D., & Muzurović, E. M. (2026) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2026.2706660
“…the retrospective analysis of all SCALE RCTs, including trials on T2DM patients, showed that liraglutide 3 mg was not associated with an excess CV risk (the composite outcome of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke) [HR (hazard ratio) 0.42, 95% CI: 0.17–1.08, p = 0.07] [68].”
InfluentialGLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten bei Übergewicht
Weiler, S., & Egermann, U. (2026) · pharma-kritik · doi:10.37667/pk.2026.1450
Lee, W., Chen, H., Fang, C.-Y., Tsai, Y., Hsieh, Y.-Y., Chen, T., Fang, Y., Wu, P., Fang, H., & Liu, P. (2025) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/0115701611322555250219111038
- Authors
- Davies, M. J., Aronne, L. J., Caterson, I. D., Thomsen, A. B., Jacobsen, P. B., Marso, S. P., & groups, O. B. O. T. S. A. C. A. –. L. E. I. I. W. A. W. D. (. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Weill Cornell Medical Center (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Novo Nordisk (Denmark) (DK)
- HCA Midwest Division (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davies, M. J.
- Venue
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 734-739
- ISSN
- 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-1326
- PMC
- PMC5836948
- OpenAlex
- W2757232156
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk A/S
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- liraglutide, cardiovascular safety, obesity, overweight, weight management, GLP-1 receptor agonists, cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, orlistat
- MeSH terms
- Liraglutide, Cardiovascular Diseases, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Anti-Obesity Agents, Overweight
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